322 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ing ratios, some of which are very complicated. In fact, many edu- 

 cated persons have a very imperfect conception of what constitutes an 

 acre, and yet farms or estates are usually valuated and measured in 

 acres. In the metric system, however, the square meter is the basis of 

 all surface measurement and every expression in one unit is convertible 

 into any other unit of the system, greater or smaller, by a shift of the 

 decimal point. 



The same comparison and contrast apply to volumes in the two 

 systems. We have the cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard and cubic 

 mile. International metric measure has the cubic meter and decimal 

 derivatives. That is to say, there is virtually but one unit. 



For the dry measure of volumes, we have, to make our confusion 

 complete, pints, quarts, pecks, bushels, barrels, quarters and chaldrons. 

 Moreover, our bushels, although nominally the same, actually vary 

 according to the commodity measured ; there being, according to ' The 

 World Almanac,' some 20 different sorts of bushels by the laws of the 

 United States, from a bushel of bran weighing 20 pounds avoirdupois, 

 to a bushel of fine salt weighing 167. Add to this joy the recollection 

 that there is a difference of about 8 per cent, between the British and 

 American bushels, pecks, quarts, etc., and we attain the happy result 

 that none can say precisely what quantity is meant by the term 

 ' bushel ' save by chance or context. 



In regard to units of weight, or, more strictly, of mass, the metric 

 system has the gram, which may be defined as the weight of a cubic 

 centimeter of distilled water under specified conditions. Or, express- 

 ing the same relation in other words, a cubic meter of water weighs a 

 metric ton of 1,000 kilograms and a cubic decimeter (called a liter) 

 weighs one kilogram. Heavy weights are expressed in metric tons, 

 lesser weights in kilograms, small weights in grams and tiny weights 

 in milligrams. A mosquito will weigh in the neighborhood of a 

 milligram, a U. S. nickel, fresh from the mint, five grams, an average 

 man seventy kilograms, an average elephant about 3,000 kilograms or 

 3 metric tons. In this manner the weight of any object is brought 

 immediately before the mind in relation to that of any other object, 

 large or small, since virtually one and the same unit — the gram — is 

 used throughout. 



In contrast with this simple expression of weights in the metric 

 system, we have in our systems three kinds of weights : viz., apothecary's 

 weight, troy weight and avoirdupois. The two first mentioned have 

 their ounces in common but differ otherwise. Although most sub- 

 stances are sold by avoirdupois weight, the precious metals sell by troy 

 weight, and drugs in prescriptions usually sell by apothecary's weight. 

 The ounce and pound weights kept by the druggists are for this reason 

 generally different from the ounce and pound weights kept in the other 



