46 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Russia. Here, according to J. de la Roi, as many as 13,128 Jews have 

 been directly converted to Christianity during the nineteenth century, 

 and since mixed marriages were legalized in 1875, 10,160 Jews married 

 christians; in Russia no such marriages have taken place, except of 

 those who adopted Christianity and are included among the converts. 

 In Russia the birth rate was 35.43 in 1897, not much lower than in 

 the beginning of the last century. On the other hand, in Prussia the 

 rates were high in 1822-40 — 35.46 — but kept on sinking since their 

 emancipation, reaching 18.71 in 1904. In other words, if the Jews in 

 Prussia had remained in their original civil condition, unaffected by 

 modern conditions of life, they would have maintained their birth rates 

 as the Jews in Russia, and the number of children born during 1904 

 would have been about 13,000 instead of 6,913, as was the case. During 

 the thirty years, 1875-1904, there occurred altogether 267,775 births 

 by Jewish mothers in Prussia. If they had maintained their birth 

 rates at 35 per 1,000, the number born would have been about 385,000 

 during that period. The decline in fertility has consequently caused 

 a loss of 117,000 to the Jews, and if to this are added the large number 

 of conversions and of mixed marriages, which have taken place in that 

 country during these thirty years, it is evident that the total loss sus- 

 tained by Judaism was larger in Prussia where there are less than 

 400,000 Jews, than among the 5,500,000 Jews in Russia during the 

 entire nineteenth century. 



The results of these conditions are seen when the relative number 

 of Jews in Germany is considered. In 1861 there were 138 Jews to 

 10,000 christians; in 1900 the number sank to 114, and the last census 

 taken in 1905 shows another decrease — there are only 109.8 Jews to 

 10,000 christians. The same has been the case with the Jews in other 

 German provinces, excepting Saxony: 



Number of Jews pee 10,000 Christians 



1870 1900 



Germany 125 104 



Prussia 133 114 



Wiirtemberg 67 55 



Bavaria 104 89 



Baden 176 140 



Hessen 297 219 



Saxony 13 30 



Although there was a large emigration of Germans who left for 

 America and for German colonies, still there was an enormous increase 

 of population in that country. In contrast with this increase are 

 the Jews in that country: although very few emigrated within the 

 last thirty years, and many Jews from other countries have immigrated 

 to Germany, still they have not kept pace with the general increase of 



