1 96 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



pungent character between those who lay the emphasis differently ; and 

 we shall find it extraordinarily convenient to express a certain con- 

 trast in men's ways of taking their universe, by talking of the ' em- 

 piricist ' and of the ' rationalist ' temper. These terms make the con- 

 trast simple and massive. 



More simple and massive than are usually the men of whom the 

 terms are predicated. For every sort of permutation and combination 

 is possible in human nature; and if I now proceed to define more 

 fully what I have in mind when I speak of rationalists and empiricists, 

 by adding to each of those titles some secondary qualifying character- 

 istics, I beg you to regard my conduct as to a certain extent arbitrary. 

 I select types of combination that nature offers very frequently, but 

 by no means uniformly, and I select them solely for their convenience 

 in helping me to my ulterior purpose of characterizing pragmatism. 

 Historically we find the terms ' intellectualism ' and ' sensationalism ' 

 used as synonyms of ' rationalism ' and ' empiricism.' Well, nature 

 seems to combine most frequently with intellectualism an idealistic 

 and optimistic tendency. Empiricists on the other hand are not un- 

 commonly materialistic, and their optimism is apt to be decidedly 

 conditional and tremulous. Eationalism is always monistic. It starts 

 from wholes and universals and makes much of the unity of things. 

 Empiricism starts from the parts, and makes of the whole a collection 

 — is not averse therefore to calling itself pluralistic. Eationalism 

 usually considers itself more religious than empiricism, but there is 

 much to say about this claim, so I merely mention it. It is a true 

 claim when the individual rationalist is what is called a man of 

 feeling, and when the individual empiricist prides himself on being 

 hard-headed. In that case the rationalist will usually also be in favor 

 of what is called free-will, and the empiricist will be a fatalist — I use 

 the terms most popularly current. The rationalist finally will be of 

 dogmatic temper in his affirmations, while the empiricist may be more 

 sceptical and open to discussion. 



I will write these traits down in two columns. I think you will 

 practically recognize the two types of mental make-up that I mean 

 if I head the columns by the titles ' tender-minded ' and ' tough- 

 minded ' respectively. 



The Tender-minded The Tough-minded 



Rationalistic (going by ' principles '), Empiricist (going by ' facts '), 



Intellectualistic, Sensationalistic, 



Idealistic, Materialistic, 



Optimistic, Pessimistic, 



Religious, Irreligious, 



Freewillist, Fatalistic, 



Monistic, Pluralistic, 



Dogmatical. Sceptical. 



