CIVOLOGY—A SUGGESTION 367 



of what the author is pleased to label the ' Principles of Sociology.' But 

 the ' Principles ' are not the same in any two treatises ; and by no 

 process of analysis and synthesis can they be brought into harmony. 

 They are fundamentally contradictory. It is impossible, I believe, to 

 discover a single alleged ground-principle of sociology that has com- 

 manded general assent." 1 If so, well may Gabriel Tarde advise his 

 fellow sociologists : " Instead of discoursing upon the merits of this 

 infant sociology — which men have had the art to baptize before its 

 birth — let us succeed, if possible, in bringing it forth." 



Setting aside cultural anthropology as inadequate and sociology as 

 insufficient, I revert to the necessity of a new science. As to its name, 

 it is premature, perhaps, to baptize this infant also before its birth, but 

 I may at least be allowed to suggest Civology. I do so for consistency's 

 sake; life is organic, civilization is super-organic, the organic science 

 of life is called biology, the super-organic science of civilization should 

 be called civology. I assume, you see, that civilization and super- 

 organic are synonymous, and rightly, I think; certainly all civil phe- 

 nomena are super-organic, the only question is : are all super-organic 

 phenomena civil? They are essentially so, I should say, and, in any 

 event, civilization is such a flexible term it may very well, far better, in 

 fact, than any other, be extended so as to include all the phenomena 

 in question. But enough of the name, now for the substance of the new 

 science. Its subject-matter is super-organic; so much is established. 

 The next step is to formulate fundamental principles capable of 

 coordinating super-organic phenomena — an exceedingly long step. 

 Indeed it is, so long, I fear I shall be obliged to jump at conclusions. 

 Fortunately the path is well paved to this point, and beyond the general 

 direction of advance is defined. So far science exhibits an orderly 

 processus of phenomena, with the result that organic phenomena have 

 been shown to proceed by insensible steps out of the inorganic. I 

 assume simply that such consistency continues to the end, with the 

 result that super-organic phenomena proceed by insensible steps out of 

 the organic. If so, civology stands in the same relation to biology that 

 biology stands to physics and chemistry. The fundamental principles 

 of biology are subsequent to and consistent with the fundamental prin- 

 ciples of its antecedent sciences, physics and chemistry ; accordingly, the 

 fundamental principles of civology should be subsequent to and con- 

 sistent with the fundamental principles of its antecedent science, 

 biology. Before taking the step — or making the leap, if you like — it 

 will be best, then, to go back a bit, and, passing the line of organic 

 evolution in review, run over the fundamental principles of biology. 



Organic evolution is characterized by countless variations, accord- 

 ing to which the manifold forms of life can be classified under more 



1 F. Spencer Baldwin, ' Sociology,' Popular Science Monthly, LV., p. 817. 



