THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE 



All 



fairs. During the siege of Paris he 

 was president of the committee on de- 

 fense, in 1876 he was appointed 

 inspector general of higher education 

 and in 18S1 he was made a life senator. 

 He was for a time minister of public 

 instruction and later minister of for- 

 eign affairs. He was for many years 

 permanent secretary of the Paris 

 Academy of Sciences and was a member 

 of the French Academy. 



Returning from a meeting of the 

 academy, Berthelot survived the shock 

 of his wife's death by only a few 

 minutes. The public funeral voted by 

 the parliament before its adjournment 

 as a mark of respect, the ceremonies 

 of the national funeral at the Pantheon 

 and the closing of all schools in France 

 demonstrate in how high honor the 

 French people hold their eminent men 

 of science. 



Henri Moissan was born in 1852, 

 and his first work, published in 1874, 

 was concerned with the absorption of 

 oxygen and the emission of carbonic 

 acid by plants kept in a darkened 

 room. In 1880 he received the doc- 

 torate of science for work on the 

 oxides of the metals of the iron group. 

 He became eminent for his work on the 

 isolation of fluorine, which he com- 

 municated to the Paris Academy in 

 1886, and which was followed by im- 

 portant researches on the chemical and 

 physical properties of fluorine and its 

 compounds. Subsequently Moissan 

 took up the subject of high tempera- 

 ture researches, and became popularly 

 known for the artificial production of 

 diamonds. In his work with the elec- 

 tric furnace, Moissan investigated in 

 detail a number of individual chemical 

 reactions, including the formation of 

 calcium carbide, which have been of 

 great importance for the progress of 

 inorganic chemistry. Moissan was 

 elected a member of the Academy of 

 Sciences in 1891, and, after teaching 



in the Ecole superieure de Pharmacie, 

 became professor of inorganic chem- 

 istry at the Sorbonne in 1900. 



TEE FOUNDERS OF TEE MEDICAL 

 DEPARTMENT OF TEE JOENS 



E0PKIN8 UNIVERSITY 

 The portrait group of Drs. Halstead, 

 Kelly, Osier and Welch of the medical 

 department of the Johns Hopkins Uni- 

 versity, painted by Mr. John S. Sar- 

 gent, and here reproduced, has now 

 been brought to the country and 

 formally presented to the university 

 by Miss Garrett. The painting is 

 highly esteemed as a work of art, the 

 critic of the London Times holding 

 that it will do more to perpetuate the 

 names of the subjects than their sci- 

 entific achievements. However this 

 may be, the work of these men and 

 their associates, whether recognized or 

 not, is and will remain an important 

 part of the foundation of higher educa- 

 tion in the United States. 



When the Johns Hopkins University 

 was opened in 1876, it set new 

 standards of university work. For the 

 first time in this country graduate 

 work, research and publication were 

 given their proper place. The men 

 who taught and advanced knowledge 

 and the men who advanced knowledge 

 as they learned were the university 

 rather than the buildings and equip- 

 ment. The establishment of the medi- 

 cal department in 1893 did for medical 

 education and for professional educa- 

 tion what the university had done 

 earlier for graduate work. Here for 

 the first time to the fullest degree 

 were united broad culture, expert 

 training and research work. In some 

 ways the achievement of the medical 

 department has been even more notable 

 than the earlier performance of the 

 graduate department. In 1876 the 

 time was ripe for a university, and a 

 considerable endowment was available 

 at Baltimore free from conditions. In 

 1893 a broadening of the medical cur- 

 riculum was evidently needed, but the 

 Johns Hopkins had less means than 

 the other institutions. It accom- 

 plished what it did by bringing 

 together a group of men notable for 



