THE FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA 517 



possible than now for botanists themselves to extend their studies 

 afield and learn the flora in its native heath and study it in its asso- 

 ciations and in its relations to soil, temperature, moisture and climate. 

 Among these early field botanists was Charles Wright, who explored 

 Texas, New Mexico and Nicaragua, and all through the period of our 

 civil war and later spent his years in Cuba and made known the flora 

 that its native and introduced Spanish inhabitants had ever been 

 expecting to study themselves in their glorious manana, the never- 

 appearing period when this race does its leading work. Wright with 

 his boyish spirit was Dr. Gray's ' Carlo,' a name given not only in 

 sport, but seriously embalmed among plant names in Gray's genus 

 Carlo wrightia. Then there were Fendler and Lindheimer, both Ger- 

 man-Americans, who collected in Texas and New Mexico, and Fendler 

 later in Panama, Venezuela, and last of all in Trinidad, where he died 

 in 1883. There was also the old Pathfinder, Fremont, who made 

 collections in California and over the Oregon trail; and Parry, quiet, 

 open-hearted, the type of the sincere botany man, who ranged over the 

 great west from his home in Iowa to the Mexican boundary and the 

 golden gate of the Pacific. Later, Lemmon explored the high Sierras 

 and Arizona, and Brandegee, led on from his surveys of the Denver and 

 Eio Grande, left enginering for botany and explored from the Great 

 Basin to the lowest confines of Baja California. Both of these were 

 followed by the veteran collector, Pringle, who finding Arizona and 

 California too small for his ambitions, traveled year after year through- 

 out Mexico from Chihuahua to Tehuantepec. Time forbids the men- 

 tion of the many others, even by name, who, in their untiring zeal for 

 botanical exploration, not unlike those mentioned by the sacred writer, 

 " subdued kingdoms . . . quenched the violence of fire, escaped the 

 edge of the sword . . . out of weakness were made strong . . . 

 wandered about in sheep-skins and goat skins ... of whom the 

 world was not worthy." To these botanical explorers we owe a debt of 

 profound gratitude. 



