1909. J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 377 



2. Fresh Water. 



(A) With Natural Surroundings — Wreck Pond (salt in 1908; 

 fresh in 1909); Como Lake (sluiceway to sea); Sylvan Lake = 

 Duck Pond (sluiceway to sea). 



(B) With Artificial Surroundings (pleasure lakes) — Spring Lake; 

 Silver Lake. 



(C) With Protected Shores (pleasure lakes) — Fletcher Lake; 

 Wesley Lake (sluiceway to sea); Sunset Lake; Deal Lake 

 (sluiceway to sea, opened fifteen years ago); Whale Pond = 

 Takanassee Lake (sluiceway to the sea). 



The vegetation will be considered in the sequence which follows 

 the physiographic history of the bodies of water mentioned above. 

 Wherever the tidal action is sufficient to keep the basins of the rivers 

 in the first category filled with salt water, we have the level areas along 

 their banks and the sand and muck islands formed by the action of 

 the currents covered with a typic salt marsh vegetation. 



Salt Marsh Formation. 



The salt marsh areas in New Jersey with which we are concerned 

 occur around the shores of Newark Bay, and extend for some 

 distance along the Hackensack and Passaic rivers. There is no salt 

 marsh on the banks of the Hudson River, and none at present in 

 New Jersey on New York Bay. Salt marshes extend along Arthur 

 Kill and inland along the shores of the rivers that empty into 

 it. Raritan Bay has its marshes where there are indentations and 

 where small streams empty into it, and for several miles along both 

 banks of the Raritan River there are extensive flats. The shores of 

 the Navesink River, except a few islands near its mouth, are destitute 

 of salt marshes ; but the Shrewsbury River has low, swampy shores, 

 covering some space between the highland and the shore. Then comes 

 a stretch of sea coast extending from North Long Branch to Bay 

 Head, along which the mainland is washed by the ocean waves; the 

 beach is abrupt, the sand is coarse and there is no marsh, except on 

 the banks of Stockton Lake, Shark River, Wreck Pond and Manasquan 

 River. South of Bay Head the salt marshes back of the sand islands 

 are very extensive, as described in previous papers. 



Three kinds of salt marshes may be distinguished in New Jersey. 

 The first, and smallest in area, is that which is covered at every 

 mean high tide. The second in area is rarely covered at ordinary 

 tides, but so little above mean high water that even the slightest rise, 

 due to wind storm or moon changes, results in a partial covering with 

 water. The third type of marsh is that above mean high tide and more 



