10B THE NAUTILUS. 



nothing especially new about tliis conclusion, since it was readied by 

 Gray in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 176), and has been held by Pfeiffer, by 

 Von Martens (Die Hel. 18GO, p. 290), and nearly every one else. 

 There have been differences of opinion about the limits of ihe group 

 Pupflla, but never about its type. Among American writers, Morse 

 and Try on have used Pupillu as a generic name. 



J\bida was next removed from Jaminia. This is the group com- 

 monly known as Tor quill a. Then in 1837 Encore was proposed for 

 the species tridens and quadridens (heterostropha Risso). These suc- 

 cessive eliminations leave only the group Latiria Gray, represented 

 by J. maryinata Risso (== Pupa umbilicata Drap.) to bear the name 

 Jaminia.* 



From the foregoing it follows that the name Papilla will replace 

 Pupa, as Prof. Cockerell has held. The groups represented in 

 Jaminia Risso. will stand thus : 



PUPILLA Lch. in Turton, for Pupa of authors. 



JAMINIA Risso, restricted, for Lauria Gray. 



ENA Leach in Turton, for Buliminus Auct. 



ABIDA Leach in Turton, for TorquiUa Auct. 



ETCORE Ag. in Charp., for Cttondrula Auct. 



All of these groups I regard as of generic rank. 



As to Saraphia Risso, the only species of the group that has been 

 positively identified is S. tridentata, which is the Carychium tridenta- 

 turn of recent authors. 



After a bout with Risso, one is likely to accept as a just one Bour- 

 guignat's estimate of his abilities : " Ecrivain fecond, mais sans juge- 

 ment, innovateur infatigable, mais absurde, Risso a embrasse dans 

 ses ecrits presque toutes les branches de 1'histoire naturelle, sans en 

 avoir bien traite" une seule." 



The group Alcea Jeffreys, 1830, has been discussed by Professors 

 Dall and Cockerell, who agree that its type must be Pupa minu- 

 tissima Hartm. It does not do to fix types for these old groups 

 without reference to what has been done by otlr predecessors. Gray 

 and Herrmannsen took a hand in this game over fifty years ago, and 

 they expressly selected Alsea pulustris = Vertigo antirertigo as the 



*The progress of events had already restricted Jaminia before Gray chose J. 

 heterostropha for its type (P. Z. S , 1847, p. 176). His selection came too late 

 and is ineffective. 



