INDUSTRIAL PKOGRESS DURING THE YEAR 1876. ci 



the underlying Eophyton sandstone. Keitlier of these contain any 

 trilobites, but they afford brachiopods, pteropods, sponges, etc., be- 

 sides the moulds of what are regarded by Torell as two radiate 

 animals, designated by him as Monocraterion and Diplocraterion. 

 The thickness of these two sandstones in Middle Sweden is but 100 

 feet, but in Northern Norway they equal 2000 feet, and include schists 

 and limestones. Above the Paradoxides beds in Sweden are the 

 Olenus beds, which, although but forty feet in thickness, are sup- 

 posed to represent the 4000 feet of Lingula flags found in Wales be- 

 tween the Menevian and the Tremadoc. Linnarsson concludes that 

 the Paleozoic sediments known in Scandinavia are at least as old as 

 any thing discovered in Wales, where, however, there are 1500 feet 

 of sediments known beneath the Harlech trilobites. The fossilifer- 

 ous schists of the Baltic provinces of Russia, which are referred to a 

 horizon above the Lingula flags, have conformably beneath them 

 several hundred feet of shales and friable sandstone, the so-called 

 Ungulite grits, of the fauna of which very little is known, and which 

 rest directly on the crystalline rocks. The primordial zone of Bar- 

 rande, in Bohemia, is regarded by Linnarsson as equivalent to the 

 middle portion of the Paradoxides beds of Sweden ; although no 

 species of crustaceans are common to the two, there are many anal- 

 ogous forms. Linnarsson on paleontological grounds rejects, as w^e 

 have seen, the view that the basal fossiliferous rocks of Scandinavia 

 are less ancient than those of Wales ; but the constantly recurring 

 question comes up whether such a similarity or identity of organic 

 forms in widely separated regions indicates synchronous deposition, 

 or whether the successive appearance and disappearance of these in 

 Scandinavia may not have occurred at a somewhat later period than 

 in Wales. 



CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS IN GERMANY. 

 The great region of sedimentary rocks in Moravia and Silesia, 

 long known for its roofing-slates, remained without any evidence 

 of its geological age until 1860, when fossils of Carboniferous age 

 were found, which showed its equivalence to the Culm formation of 

 Nassau. Since then the structure of this great mass has been un- 

 raveled, and it has been shown to consist of three divisions, each 

 of which carries an abundant fauna of Carboniferous age, now first 

 described by Steer, and a marine Paleozoic fauna. These three 

 divisions, which are of nearly equal thickness, each consist of sand- 

 stones and conglomerates, with roofing - slates, and have a united 

 thickness of 70,000 or 80,000 feet. 



ARCTIC GEOLOGY. 

 Nordenskjold, from the results of his long researches in arctic 

 geology, attempts to discuss the question of the arctic climate in 



