242 ANNUAL RECOKD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



Professor Sven Loven began an expedition to Spitzbergeii 

 which continued until 1838, in which year the French gov- 

 ernment sent out a similar expedition, generally known as 

 the Commission du Nord. In 1857 Torell explored Iceland, 

 and in 1858 Nordenskjold visited Spitzbergen. In 1859 Dr. 

 Torell explored a portion of Greenland. In 1861 a gov- 

 ernment expedition left Tromso for Spitzbergen, Dr. Torell 

 being chief, with Nordenskjold and others as his collabora- 

 tors. In 1863 Dr. Quennerstadt undertook an expedition to 

 the island of Jan-Mayen and the neighboring seas. In 1864 

 a third Swedish expedition was sent to Spitzbergen, Dr. 

 Nordenskjold being chief of the scientific corps. In 1865 

 Dr. PaijkuU explored Iceland. In 1868 a fourth Swedish ex- 

 pedition was made to Spitzbergen, under the direction of 

 Nordenskjold and a considerable corps of scientists, in which 

 expedition Beeren Island was visited. In 1870 Dr. Norden- 

 skjold undertook a voyage to Greenland, hoping to make 

 use of Esquimau dogs for sledge journeys. The principal 

 field of their explorations was the west coast of Greenland, 

 between the 68th and 71st degrees of latitude. This expe- 

 dition was very successful in the collection of lai'ge masses 

 of meteoric iron. In the spring of 1871 an expedition to 

 Greenland was made by a vessel of the Swedish Navy, under 

 the command of Baron Von Otter. In 1872 an expedition 

 intended to pass the winter at Spitzbergen was sent out, 

 consisting of three vessels, under Palander and Crazensteon ; 

 and two other Swedish expeditions were also sent to 

 Spitzbergen under private expense one in 1870, with the 

 object of exploring the phosphatic strata. The second expe- 

 dition of 1872 was also urged in the same interest, but accom- 

 plished much for geology. Finally, the expedition of 1875 

 to Nova Zembla was carried out entirely at the expense of 

 Oscar Dickson. It was under the scientific direction of the 

 indefatigable Professor Nordenskjold. 



EXPLORATIONS MADE UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. V. 



HAYDEN IN 1876. 



For reasons beyond the control of the geologist in charge, 

 the various parties comprising the United States Geological 

 and Geographical Survey of the Territories did not com- 

 mence their field work until August. Owing to Indian bos- 



