422 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



ess is increased by repeated warming and cooling of the 

 mass, as the proper consistency is thus hastened, and tlie 

 quantity of soap increased. Cocoa-soap shavings may also 

 be employed according to the fat they contain. If the spent 

 lye is old, and has been exposed to the air, dilute 12 pounds 

 of potash lye, of 22 Baume, with lime-water to 10, and boil 

 it with the 25 pounds of cocoa-oil. The addition of a few 

 pounds of crude palm-oil will impart to this soap a color 

 similar to that of tallow soap. 26 6^, II., 1876, 14. 



CLOTH OF FEATHERS FOK LADIES' CLOAKS, ETC. 



The following are the essential features of a process, re- 

 cently patented, for the manufacture of cloth, suitable for 

 ladies' cloaks and all kinds of garments, from feathers, prin- 

 cipally of water-fowls. As the down only can be employed, 

 the material is assorted, according to its specific gravity, by 

 a fanning-machine. Then, after being soaked in water con- 

 taining Marseilles soap, and pressed out in a square box by 

 aid of a screw, and separated again, and partially dried by 

 means of the fan, it is oiled, and passed three times through 

 the fanning-machine. A fleece of wool, formed on the usual 

 carding-machine, is then covered loosely with four times its 

 weight of the feathers, and these by another layer of wool. 

 The rove is then formed in the usual way, provision being 

 made to prevent two threads from uniting. In spinning a 

 large hand machine is employed, instead of a self-actor. The 

 weaving is accomplished in the usual way, except that, as a 

 rule, warp of combed-wool yarn is preferred, although, ac- 

 cording to the material, it may be of carded yarn, or even of 

 carded yarn and feathers. The cloth is oiled, and fulled as 

 usual, with care to dry after fulling. In dyeing a very large 

 vat must be used, that the whole breadth of the j^iece may 

 be immersed at a time. It is finally beaten and brushed to re- 

 move any feathers not fully incorj^orated with the wool, and 

 a gloss is imparted to it by steaming. 23 C,Jan. 1,1876, 4. 



COOKING MEAT BY COLD. 



The generally accepted theory of the cooking of meat re- 

 lates to the application of heat ; but quite recently Dr. Sa- 

 wiczevosky has called attention to the fact that almost pre- 

 cisely the same chemical and physical changes can be ac- 



