INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS DURING THE YEAR 1875. cxciii 



transmitted sometimes from behind forward, or the reverse. 

 He associates through the medium of the brain, to which are 

 attached communicating nerves, the acts of prehension and 

 of mastication to the swallowing of food and the passage 

 of food into the stomach and intestine. The subcesophageal 

 nanodia is the centre, under the influence of which it reacts 

 with the most energy. In brief, the frontal (supracesopha- 

 geal) ganglia, distinct by their special role from the other 

 nervous centres of the ganglionic chain, approach the former 

 (subcesophageal) by their essential functions as well as struct- 

 ure. 



Further contributions to the relations of insects to plants 

 are to be found in Lubbock's " British Wild-flowers in Rela- 

 tion to Insects," and in Hermann Muller's papers in Nature. 



The subject of hermaphroditism in the moths (or more 

 properly gynandromorphisni) has been discussed by Dr. A. 

 S. Packard, Jr., who describes and figures two gynandro- 

 morphs of CaUosamia Promethea. One is a female, with the 

 antenna and wings on the right side masculine, and the other 

 is a male, with the antenna and wings on the right side more 

 like the male than the female. These two cases may be re- 

 garded as extreme examples of what may be called periphe- 

 ral gynandromorphisni / namely, where the trunk (head, tho- 

 rax, and hind-body) are not affected, but only the append- 

 ages and scales, including the wings, feet, and antennae ; the 

 head and genitals not being affected. The least-marked ex- 

 ample of this sort is one described by Westwood, who states 

 that he had an orange-tip butterfly {Anthocaris cardamines) 

 which was female in every respect, except that on the tip of 

 one fore-wing were about a dozen of the bright orange scales 

 which characterize the male. It is not known that any Le- 

 pidoptera with the internal genital organs affected have 

 been examined, as the examples thus far have not been pre-^ 

 served in alcohol. The best-defined cases of this sort are 

 those described in the honey-bee by Siebold. In these cases 

 the internal and external sexual organs are mixed together 

 much as the other external characters. The sting, with its 

 vesicle and gland, was present, though in a soft state, in the 

 drone, and in the female the ovaries and also spermaries were 

 present, though the ovaries contained no eggs. As to the 

 cause of so-called hermaphroditism, Siebold's explanation 



9 



