ANOPHELES 965 



the joints subequal, with basal whorls ; plumose in the male, the last two joints long, 

 the others short, with whorls of long dense hairs. Prothoracic lobes remote dorsally, 

 small. Mesonotum elongate, narrow, flattened; scutellum not lobed. Postnotum 

 nude. Abdomen subcylindrical, blunt at the tip in the female, depressed and with 

 lateral ciliation in the male. Scale vestiture of body usually poorly developed and 

 not general. Wings with the second marginal cell long and with short stem. Legs 

 very long and slender; claws simple and equal in the female, the male with the 

 front claws modified, one large and toothed, the other obsolete. 



Genekic Diagnosis of Labva: 



Head elongate, turning easily on the neck. Front prominent, arcuate. Antennae 

 rather small, sublaterally inserted. Mouth parts adapted essentially for vegetable 

 food; maxillae large, conical, prominent, with well developed palpi; mouth-brushes 

 moderate, of numerous hairs. Air tube very broad, sessile, the spiracular orifices 

 independent. Abdomen with a series of dorsal tufts of small leaf-like lamellae for 

 attachment of the body to the surface film of the water, similar tufts are present on 

 the thorax of some species. Eighth segment laterally with narrow plates produced 

 into a row of teeth posteriorly. Hairs of the body mostly well feathered. Anal 

 segment with a chitinized dorsal plate; ventral brush large, strongly feathered; anal 

 gills small. 



Throughout tropical and temperate continental regions, a few species extend- 

 ing into the subarctic zone ; absent from many of the smaller oceanic islands. 



The large generic synonymy which we quote is due to the fact that the genus 

 was subdivided upon characters of the vestiture of the body and wings. We 

 have shown in our introductory remarks that such characters are not reliable 

 for definition of natural genera, and we have had no recourse but to place all 

 the names in the synonymy. One genus was founded upon the so-called 

 mammillate prothoracic lobes, but it has been shown that these are more or less 

 similar in all Anopheles, and in no wise peculiar. The fact is that the species 

 here classified under Anopheles are all closely allied and strictly congeneric, and 

 any attempt to divide them generically will serve no useful purpose, but on the 

 contrary only tend to confuse the subject. In any case the genus is homogeneous 

 and not a large or unwieldy one ; it is therefore far more convenient as well as 

 logical to treat the genus as one. 



The eggs are laid singly on the surface of water and float. They are fusi- 

 form with rounded ends, and furnished with longitudinal leaf -like appendages to 

 cause them to float. These appendages are very different in shape and even in 

 size in the different species. The larvae are surface feeders, being held to the sur- 

 face film by their fan-shaped abdominal tufts and very short air-tube. The head 

 is turned completely over with the mouth uppermost in the act of feeding. The 

 different species have somewhat different habits as to the choice of kinds of 

 water in which to breed, but many of the species breed in almost all sorts of 

 water, even in the edges of rapidly flowing streams. A few species are restricted 

 to water held by the leaves of Bromeliacese. Some species occur in brackish as 

 well as fresh water, and even appear to thrive better in the former. The 

 larvae of some species occur in sea-water, often in pools of very high saline 

 content. The larvae of Anopheles generally occur in water containing algae, 

 upon which they feed ; but James and Listen state that they cannot subsist upon 

 a vegetable diet alone but feed also upon minute water animals. Some of the 

 species are in part at least predaceous upon other mosquito larvae. In temperate 

 and northern regions hibernation, with some exceptions, is in the adult state. 

 James and Liston are of the opinion that in India the species of Anopheles do 

 not hibernate as adults, but either hibernate as larvae (A. culicifacies) or have no 

 true hibernation and manage to breed throughout the season {A. fuUginosus, 

 A. pulcherrimus) . Species unable to adopt these methods {A. rossi) are thought 

 to " migrate " or disappear during the winter. The species of temperate North 

 America of which the habits are known {A. crucians, A. quadrimaculatus, A. 

 punctipennis) hibernate as adults. In central Europe one species hibernates 

 regularly as larva. The adults are generally crepuscular in habit, flying im- 

 mediately before dark. Apparently the females of all the species feed more or 

 less readily on the blood of vertebrates, the craving for blood being, however. 



