118 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



nation of the sun. The belt of doldrums, therefore, passes 

 twice a year through the square considered in Captain Toyn- 

 bee's charts once in its northward and again in its south- 

 ward journey. The series of monthly charts now issued gives 

 all the information that has been obtained for this section of 

 the ocean, which is graphically shown on the maps, repre- 

 senting by figures and arrows the mean temperature and 

 pressure of the air, and the temperature and currents of the 

 sea for each square of 2, thus dividing the whole section 

 into twenty-five subdivisions. 



In his general conclusions, Captain Toynbee says that he 

 finds that the sun creates a low barometric pressure in the 

 doldrums, and that the area of high pressure in either hem- 

 isphere which is most convenient, and has not heated land in 

 the way, supplies the air demanded by the deficiency within 

 the doldrums. These areas of high pressure are shown on 

 Buchan's charts to exist in the North Atlantic Ocean in the 

 summer-time, and in the South Atlantic in the winter-time. 

 We find that during the northern winters and spring more 

 upper clouds are seen moving to the northward, and reversed 

 during the northern summer season. The highest pressure 

 within the squares under consideration takes place in July, 

 and it is after this that the winter hurricanes commence. 

 We have at that time high pressure on the north and south 

 sides of the doldrums. 



The barometric oji'adients are in this section much weaker 

 for a given velocity of the wind than in the neighborhood 

 of the British Islands. The currents of the surface of the 

 ocean, running from the doldrums, flow to the eastward, and 

 not to the southeast or northeast, which is explained by Cap- 

 tain Toynbee as the efiect of a secondary action of the Gulf 

 of Guinea. The sea is always warmer by about 1 Fahr. 

 than the air above it a fact also noticed in the South Atlan- 

 tic Ocean ofi*the coast of South America. Viertelj.d.Astron. 

 Gesells., 1813. 



THE MOVEMENT OF WAVES IN THE OCEANS AND HAEBOES. 



A work of great importance, on the movement of the 

 waves of the ocean, has been published in Italy during the 

 year 18'72, and is very highly spoken of in the French JVavcd 

 Remew. The author. Captain Cialdi, of the Pontifical navy, 



