ORGANIC SOLVENTS. 7 



ORGANIC SOLVENTS. 

 HYDROCARBONS. 



Kahlenberg and Lincoln l have shown that solutions of ferric chloride in a 

 large number of hydrocarbons do not conduct the current, while Kablukoff 2 

 showed that the conductivity of hydrochloric acid in benzene, xylene, and 

 hexane is very small. This is in perfect accord with what would be expected 

 from the fact that non-electrolytes dissolved in hydrocarbons tend, in a 

 number of cases, to give a complex molecular weight when this is determined 

 by the boiling-point or freezing-point method. 



ALCOHOLS. 



When we come to study the work on solutions in the alcohols, we find 

 that a considerable amount has been done, especially in the case of the two 

 lowest members of the aliphatic series. Fitzpatrick 3 studied the conduc- 

 tivities of calcium nitrate, lithium nitrate, lithium chloride, and calcium 

 chloride in methyl alcohol, and found values which, though less than in 

 water, were very considerable. Hartwig 4 measured the conductivity of 

 formic, acetic, and butyric acids in methyl alcohol. Paschow 5 studied 

 the conductivities in methyl alcohol of potassium iodide, cadmium iodide, 

 calcium nitrate, and potassium and sodium acetates. Vollmer 6 worked out 

 the conductivities of potassium and sodium iodides, potassium and sodium 

 acetates, and lithium chloride in methyl alcohol, over a considerable range 

 of dilution. 



Holland 7 studied the effect of non-electrolytes on the conductivity in 

 methyl alcohol of potassium, sodium, calcium, lithium, and ammonium 

 nitrates, and sodium chloride. 



Carrara 8 carried out by far the most extensive investigation which has 

 yet been made of salts in methyl alcohol. He measured the conductivities 

 of the following substances at various dilutions : Potassium chloride, bromide, 

 iodide, methylate; sodium chloride, iodide, methylate, acetate; lithium 

 chloride; ammonium chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride; tetraethylam- 

 monium chloride, bromide, iodide; tetramethylammonium iodide ; triethyl- 

 amine, diisopropylamine, and a number of sulphur derivatives. Kerler, 9 

 working in Beckmann's laboratory, determined the conductivities of lithium 

 and calcium chlorides; lithium, sodium, and barium bromides; potassium 

 iodide, ammonium nitrate, and potassium acetate. The conductivity of 



1 Journ. Phys. Chem., 3, 12 (1899). 6 Wied. Ann., 62, 328 (1894). 



2 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 4, 429 (1889). 7 Ibid., 50, 263. 



3 Phil. Mag-, 24, 378 (1887). 8 Gazz. Chim. Ital., 26, [1] 119 (1896). 



4 Wied. Ann., 33, 58 (1888) ; 43, 838 (1891). 8 Dissertation Erlangen (1894). 

 8 Charkow, 1892. 



