ORGANIC SOLVENTS. 9 



in the two solvents bear the same relation to one another as the maximum 

 molecular conductivities in the two solvents. Reference should be made to 

 the work of Paschkow, 1 who measured the conductivities in ethyl alcohol, 

 of potassium and cadmium iodides, potassium and sodium acetates, and 

 calcium nitrate; of Schall, 2 who used picric, oxalic, and dichloracetic acids; 

 of Wildermann, 3 who studied the conductivities of di- and tri-chloracetic 

 acids; of Kahlenberg and Lincoln, 4 who worked with ferric chloride and 

 antimony trichloride in ethyl alcohol; and of Kablukoff, 5 who has measured 

 the conductivity of hydrochloric acid in ethyl alcohol. 



Jones 6 measured the dissociation of a number of salts in ethyl alcohol, using 

 the boiling-point method. These include potassium and sodium iodides, 

 sodium and ammonium bromides, potassium and sodium acetates, and calcium 

 nitrate. These salts were found to be dissociated by ethyl alcohol, to from 

 one-third to one-fourth the extent that they are dissociated in water at the 

 same dilution. It should be observed, however, that dissociation as measured 

 by the boiling-point method would not seem to be directly comparable with 

 dissociation as measured by conductivity, since the two sets of measurements 

 are made at different temperatures. It has, however, been established by 

 Jones and Douglas, 7 and later confirmed by Noyes and Coolidge 8 and Jones 

 and West, 9 that the temperature coefficient of dissociation is, in aqueous solu- 

 tions, small ; in which case, if this holds for alcoholic solutions, there should be 

 only a very small difference between the results obtained by the two methods. 



HIGHER ALCOHOLS. 



Comparatively little work has been done on the dissociating power of the 

 higher alcohols. Schlamp 10 has shown, from the results of his measurements 

 on solutions of lithium and calcium chlorides, sodium iodide, and lithium 

 salicylate, that their conductivity in propyl alcohol is somewhat less than 

 one-half that in ethyl alcohol. 



In propyl and amyl alcohols Carrara " has made a few measurements, 

 while Hartwig 12 determined the conductivity of formic, acetic, and butyric 

 acids in amyl alcohols. Among the isoalcohols Carrara 13 worked with 

 isopropyl, and Kablukoff 14 with isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols, obtaining the 

 remarkable result that in isoamyl alcohol solution the molecular conductivity 

 of hydrochloric acid decreases with increase in dilution. Schall 15 has deter- 

 mined the conductivity of picric acid in isobutyl alcohol. 



1 Dissertation, Charkow, 1892. Amer. Chem. Journ., 34, 357 (1905). 



2 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 14, 701 (1894). 10 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 14, 272 (1894). 



3 Ibid., 14, 267 (1894). "Gazz. Chim. Ital., 27, I, 221 (1897). 



4 Journ. Phys. Chem., 3, 26 (1899). l2 Wied. Ann., 33, 48 (1888); 43, 838 

 6 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 4, 429 (1889). (1891). 



6 Ibid., 31, 133 (1899). 13 Gazz. Chim. Ital., 27, I, 221 (1897). 



7 Amer. Chem. Journ., 26, 428 (1901). " Ztschr. phys. Chem., 4, 432 (1889). 



8 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 46, 323 (1903). "Ibid., 14, 707 (1894). 



