MIXED SOLVENTS. 13 



brought within the scope of these investigations. These include alcohols, 

 aldehydes, acids, acid anhydrides, esters, acid amides and amines, nitriles, 

 sulphocyanates, mustard oils, nitro-compounds, nitrosodimethylene, ethald- 

 oxime, epichlorhydrine, and ketones. 



The work has had to do with the conductivity of electrolytes in these 

 solvents, with the relation between conductivity and internal friction, 

 with boiling-point determinations, and with the solvent power of these dif- 

 ferent substances. For details the original papers must be consulted. 



MIXED SOLVENTS. 



HYDROGEN DIOXIDE AND WATER. 



The dielectric constant of a mixture of hydrogen dioxide and water is greater 

 than that of pure water. This has been shown by Calvert, 1 and would lead 

 one to suspect that electrolytes dissolved in such mixtures would have a 

 greater conductivity than in pure water, in accordance with the Thomson- 

 Nernst rule. The dissociating power of such mixtures has, however, not yet 

 been determined. Reference should also be made to the later work of Cal- 

 vert, 2 showing that hydrogen dioxide has acid properties, and to the work 

 of Jones, Barnes, and Hyde 3 along the same line. 



MIXTURES OF WATER AND THE ALCOHOLS. 



Only brief mention need be made of the work of Lenz, 4 Kerler, 5 Stephan, 6 

 Kablukoff, 7 Carrara, 8 Schall, 9 and Arrhenius. 10 Wakeman, 11 in quite an elab- 

 orate investigation, measured the conductivity of organic acids in mixtures 

 of ethyl alcohol and water in varying proportions. The results show that 

 the conductivity becomes gradually smaller as the amount of alcohol be- 

 comes larger and larger. This is just what would be expected from the 

 relative conductivities in these two solvents. 



Zelinsky and Krapiwin 12 have, however, obtained results of a very different 

 character. They found that the salts with which they worked, when dissolved 

 in a mixture of methyl alcohol and water containing 50 per cent methyl alcohol, 

 gave a conductivity considerably less than the conductivity in either alcohol 

 or water. 



Similar results were obtained by Cohen 13 with ethyl alcohol and water, 

 but only when the mixture contained very little water, and at dilutions 

 which were quite large, as is shown by table 2. 



1 Ann. der Phys., 1, 483 (1900). 7 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 4, 432 (1889). 



2 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 38, 513 (1901). 8 Gazz. Chim. Ital., 16, 1 (1886). 



3 Amer. Chem. Journ., 27, 22 (1902). 9 Ztschr. phys. Chem., 14, 701 (1894). 



4 Mem. de 1'Acad. de St. Petersbourg, 10 Ibid., 9, 487 (1892). 



[7] 30, 1881. u Ibid., 11, 49 (1893). 



5 Dissertation Erlangen, 1884. 12 Ibid., 21, 35 (1896). 

 8 Wied. Ann., 17, 673 (1882). 13 Ibid., 26, 31 (1898). 



