igo6] Animal Coloration 1 . 161 



pink*. The gall-bladder is often emerald green, the peritoneal 

 membrane, as in certain fishes,! is silvery, bespangled with 

 yellow, black and red stars. It is difficult to understand these 

 internal colors and there are multitudes of inexplicable examples 

 of external color too, which offer problems for biologists to solve 

 in the future. 



BOTANICAL NOTE. 



Fruit and Seed. 



In Botany the word fruit signifies the enlarged and matured 

 ovarv, whatever its substance may be and whether fit to eat or 

 not. It is sometimes difficult to decide when speaking of the 

 small fruiting organs of some plants whether these are fruits 

 or true seeds. In the Butercup, Sunflower, Borage, and 

 Mint families, the seed-like bodies are really fruits, while in 

 the Mustard, Pink, Pea and Evening Primrose families, they 

 are true seeds. All of these are usually spoken of as seeds 

 which is the term commonly used by seedsmen, farmers and 

 others. Dr. L. H. Grindon, the eminent English botanist, in 

 his " British and Garden Botany," makes the following concise 

 distinction: "There is an infallible distinction between a fruit 

 and a seed, however much they may resemble each other : The 

 fruit always has two scars, one at the base, showing where it was 

 attached to the peduncle, and another upon the summit, indicating 

 the former presence of the style or stigma; but the seed has never 

 more than one scar, indicating the point at which it was connected 

 with the pod that contained it." 



J- F. 



* No less inexplicable is the curious fact, mentioned by Darwin, that in 

 the hornbill, B. bicornis, the inside of the mouth is black in the male ; but 

 flesh-colored in the female. 



1'For example Gastrosteus. 



