Observers' Field Reports 155 



delivery of supplies and transport equipment that had been ordered from America, 

 conferring with the American Consul, visiting the site of my former station (1907), 

 which was found no longer available, and engaging a cook for Mr. Brown to use later. 

 On August 13, I left Tientsin at noon by rail for Tangshan, which was the first station 

 occupied in this campaign. 



My field work proper may be regarded as in two major divisions separated by a brief 

 return to Canton in May 1916. The first period began at Tientsin, August 13, 1915, 

 and ended at Hankow, May 9, 1916. This may be regarded as including four principal 

 parts: (a) a loop in northeast Chihli and Inner Mongolia beginning and ending at 

 Peking, (b) a line from Peking generally westward to the Yellow River at Paotehchow, 

 (c) a traverse west and south from the northeast quarter of Shensi to the southwest 

 quarter of Szechwan, (d) the descent of the Yangtze Kiang. The second division, brief 

 compared with the first, began at Tientsin, July 6, 1916, and ended at Hankow, Sep- 

 tember 12, 1916. This consisted of: (a) an overland journey from the rail end at 

 Tatungfu in Shansi to the Yellow River at Hokow, (b) the descent of the Yellow River 

 from Hokow to Tungkwanting, (c) an overland journey from Tungkwanting to King- 

 tzekwan on a tributary of the Han River in Honan, (d) the descent of the Han. 



Although most of the latter part of August 1915 was spent at Peking in making the 

 necessary arrangements for the expeditions of Observer F. Brown and myself to travel 

 separately in both China and Mongolia, advantage was taken of the delays incident to 

 such negotiations to observe at Tangshan, Peking, Nankow, and Kalgan, all in Chihli, 

 and all reached by rail, the last three being also stations at which Fritsche observed 

 about 40 years ago. I had occupied Peking also in October 1907. In the meantime 

 Mr. Brown finished the work in Shantung previously referred to, and rejoined me at 

 Kalgan on September 1, 1915. 



At Kalgan, supplies and equipment were secured and divided between the two 

 parties, and arrangements for transport were made. Rev. Magnus Johansson, a Swedish 

 missionary to the Mongols, was assigned as interpreter-companion to Mr. Brown, and 

 Mr. Ip was assigned to travel with me as mandarin-interpreter and general assistant. 

 During the week spent at Kalgan on the preparatory work, the party were the guests 

 of the British and American Tobacco Company, whose representatives extended every 

 possible courtesy and help. On September 8, 1915, Messrs. Brown and Johansson left 

 Kalgan for Urga in Mongolia. See Mr. Brown's separate account of this campaign. 



Leaving Kalgan, September 6, 1915, I traveled with carta northeasterly to Dolon- 

 nor and thence southeasterly to Jehol, observing at 7 stations, including Kalgan, in 

 Inner Mongolia, now politically considered as part of Chihli Province. From Jehol (or 

 Chengtehfu), which was formerly the Mongol and Manchu capital and is a station of 

 Fritsche, I descended the Lwan River to a point within the Great Wall almost due east 

 of Peking, and thence with carts traveled overland to Peking, observing at four inter- 

 mediate stations. 



Peking was reached October 10, and after a week spent in making further arrange- 

 ments in connection with Mr. Brown's work as well as my own, I proceeded to Paotingfu 

 by rail and thence traveled with pack mules generally northwest across Chihli and 

 Shansi provinces and attained the Yellow River at Paotehchow, November 15, observ- 

 ing at 13 stations in all, from Peking to Paotehchow inclusive. The special feature of 

 this route was the number of Fritsche stations reoccupied. Four were reoccupied on 

 this last stretch of my journey, which makes a total, from August to November 1915, 

 of 11 Fritsche stations at which observations were made, namely, Peking, Nankow, 

 Kalgan, Urga (Mr. Brown), Jehol (Chengtehfu), Tuanchialing, Tungchow, Paotingfu, 

 Futuyii, Tuanyuantsun, and Pekuw. 



From Paotehchow the Great Wall was followed along the south side of the Ordos 

 Desert to Yulinfu, thence the party traveled generally southward to Sianfu, where 



