34 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May 



The other Hornbeam, Carpinus carliniana, may not grow 

 within the city limits. A peculiarity of its growth is the manner 

 in which the sinews of the branches are prolonged down the 

 trunk, giving a peculiar muscular or Gothic effect. This is seen 

 also to some extent in the beech. This tree is recommended for 

 arbor-walks in the parks in some cities. 



Fagace^e. 



This includes the Beech, Fagus ferruginea or grandijolia, 

 and the Oaks, Quercus, of which we have only two representa- 

 tives. (The Chestnut, Castanea dentata, is rather a fruit tree, 

 and does not thrive well here). 



The Beech deserves to be planted much more commonly than 

 it is. One great objection is that it is apt to be destroyed by 

 bovs with their penknives. 



It is surprising, since our trees are leafless one half of the 

 year, that so little attention is paid to planting for winter beauty. 

 The winter beautv of the beech is considered quite equal to that 

 of the elm. It is no less charming in early spring, and in the 

 summer-time a forest of beeches has a most beautiful and be- 

 witching effect. The compact, light grey bark of the beech tree 

 is characteristic. This remains unbroken to a great age, and is 

 perpetuated on the branches. Another noticeable feature is 

 the muscular or buttress effect running down from the large 

 branches, and more marked as the tree gets older. 



There are several varieties of the Purple or Copper Beech, 

 which add a beautv to a large lawn or park. Some fine specimens 

 may be seen along the Driveway. 



There are two species of oak that may be found in the city 

 as shade trees, the Mossy-cup Oak and the Red Oak. 



The Mossv-cup or Bur Oak, Q. macrocarpa, is very common 

 in Ottawa South. The corky ridges on its branches gives it 

 some resemblance to the Corky Elm. But the branches them- 

 selves are very different. In the elm the branches have all an 

 outward and downward direction, in the oak they are contorted 

 and angular, and never drooping. 



The Common Red Oak, Q. rubra, is the prevailing type at 

 Rockcliffe and in Rideau Hall grounds. This species belongs to 

 the second group of oaks. Their leaves are bristle-pointed, and 

 the fruit matures the second year. It most nearly approaches 

 the English Oak, R. robur, in the effect it gives of massy strength 

 and durability. These two species have the widest range, 

 especially to the north, of any of the native species. 



