ISRAELITE AND INDIAN. 201 



the clans. This was an essential part of the totemic system as is 

 noticed universally among the Indians. "Without membership in 

 a clan there could be no status in the tribe. 



Caleb is first known as the son of Jephunneh, the Kenezite. 

 Next he appears as a chief of the tribe of Judah ; finally, in the 

 book of Chronicles, his foreign descent is lost. He becomes Caleb, 

 the son of Hezron, the son of Judah. This is an instance of adop- 

 tion and is not contradictory. He is first described in accordance 

 with his actual descent, but when adopted with his family and 

 followers, who probably formed a sub-clan, he would be called by 

 the name of the family that adopted him. 



The whole population of the country which, according to Deu- 

 teronomy, was doomed to be exterminated, slowly became amal- 

 gamated with the invaders. In this way alone their rapid increase 

 can be accounted for. 



The doctrine that no quarter should be shown to the enemy 

 and no alliance should be made with the Goim (a word meaning 

 the " nations," with the implication of " heathen ' ') was not estab- 

 lished until the late prophetic influence. The use of the word 

 Goim dates from the ninth century B. c. It is gratifying to be 

 convinced that the stories of the wholesale extermination and 

 cruel outrages injected into the historical narrative were after- 

 thoughts intended to be examples for the future, and that they 

 never actually occurred. If the stories are true, the brutality of 

 the Israelites to the conquered was more horrible than that of the 

 Indians, among whom captivity was tempered by adoption. 



An interesting custom of the Indians connected both with the 

 rite of sanctuary and that of adoption is that called by English 

 writers " running the gantlet." When captives had successfully 

 run through a line of tormentors to a post near the council-house, 

 they were for the time free from further molestation. In the 

 northeastern tribes this was in the nature of an ordeal to test 

 whether or not the captive was vigorous and brave enough to be 

 adopted into the tribe ; but among other tribes it appears in a 

 different shape. Any enemy, whether a captive or not, could 

 secure immunity from present danger if he could reach a central 

 post, or, if there were no post, the hut of the chief. A similar 

 custom existed among the Arikara, who kept a special pipe in a 

 " bird-box." If a criminal or enemy succeeded in smoking the 

 pipe contained in the box, he could not be hurt. This corresponds 

 with the safety found in laying hold of the horns of the Israelite 

 altar. 



Land. In the earlier history of the Israelites there could be 

 no individual property in land it belonged to the clan, as it did 

 among the Indians. After arriving at sedentary and national life 

 the Israelites found it expedient to permit a compromise between 



