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423 



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Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Mans- 

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The American Forestry Association. 



The American Forestry Congress at its eighth 

 annual meeting, held in Philadelphia in Octo- 

 ber, changed its name to Association. The 

 meeting was opened with an address by the 

 Hon. Carl Schurz, in which he narrated the 

 difficulties he encountered from the opposi- 

 tion of Congressmen when, as Secretary of 

 the Interior, he endeavored to protect the 

 forests on the public lands against timber 

 thieves. Mr. B. E. Fernow spoke on " Meth- 

 ods of Forestry Reform," and particularly of 

 what lay within the competency of the Gov- 

 ernment. Resolutions offered by Mr. Fernow, 

 recommending the withdrawal of all public 

 forest-lands from sale till a permanent sys- 

 tem of national forest management can bo 

 applied, called out debate. Mr. L. Thompson, 



a lumberman, argued that it would be con- 

 trary to our national usage and the spirit of 

 our institutions to extend the sphere of Gov- 

 ernment control over interests that have been 

 hitherto successfully managed by private en- 

 terprise ; that the forests would be better 

 protected by selling the land to citizens than 

 by putting them under the management of 

 office-seekers and politicians. Colonel Ed- 

 gar T. Ensign held that where large water- 

 sheds are involved, and the streams are to be 

 used for irrigation, only national control can 

 be made efficient and adequate ; that it is 

 not enough even to leave the matter to indi- 

 vidual States. Mr. Richard J. Bin ton point- 

 ed out the impossibility of adequate super- 

 vision by owners or individual States of riv- 

 ers like those that have their sources in our 

 Western mountain forests. Mr. Fernow's 

 resolutions were adopted. A resolution in 

 favor of removing the duty on lumber wa8 

 not entertained, for fear of drawing the Asso- 

 ciation into political controversies. 



Lake Ridges of Ohio. In the American 

 Association paper of the Rev. G. Frederick 

 Wright on "The Relation of Lake Ridges in 

 New York, Ohio, and Ontario," the ridges in 

 Ohio were described as being four in t num- 

 ber, and standing at elevations above the 

 sea of 775, 720, G90, and 650 feet. They 

 consist of sand and gravel piled up to the 

 height of from five to twenty-five feet, and 

 approximately parallel with Lakes Erie and 

 Ontario, and are evidently old shore lines 

 of the lakes. The problem of how the water 

 could have been kept up to these several levels 

 seems to have been solved with considerable 

 probability by recent glacial investigations. 

 Attention was called to the fact that the ir- 

 regularities of the southern boundary of the 

 glacial region are such that if the retreat of 

 the ice front was with equal rapidity all along 

 its course it would have wholly withdrawn 

 from Lake Erie and western Lake Ontario 

 some time before the ice-dams across the Mo- 

 hawk and the St. Lawrence had been melted 

 away. An inspection of the map shows that 

 two of the most important of these outlets 

 would be, (1) that through Seneca Lake into 

 the Chemung River in New York, and so into 

 the Susquehanna, and (2) that through the 

 Wabash at Fort Wayne, Ind. The heights 

 correspond pretty well with that of the up- 



