THE LOCALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES. 457 



distinctive future. If her wine trade be not as yet as prosperous 

 as she could wish, no one need be surprised at this who has re- 

 marked the specialties of character in the different European 

 wines, and considered the centuries of labor and application that 

 have been required to evolve these varied types as the most appro- 

 priate to their several localities, as also the great capital employed 

 at low rates of interest in maturing these wines and in educating 

 the tastes of consumers thereto. The production of wool on a 

 large scale is a natural resource of mountainous countries and of 

 regions distant from centers of population, as we see in Wales, 

 portions of Scotland, Germany, and the United States. The 

 marked devotion of Australia to this industry is due to the sud- 

 den opening of her unlimited territories, to the nature of her 

 climate, suitable for the rearing of sheep, and to her rainfall, 

 too limited and uncertain for profitable cultivation. Added to 

 these causes is her remoteness from other countries, which, mak- 

 ing impossible the export of the animals themselves, dead or alive, 

 on an adequate scale, has allowed her flocks to increase almost 

 unchecked. 



As we already saw in the case of the common and bulky natu- 

 ral products, so it is with the corresponding class of manufactured 

 goods ; they can not well bear a long and expensive carriage, and 

 therefore, other things being equal, are naturally produced as 

 near as possible to their places of consumption. As in the United 

 States there are numerous contiguous deposits of coal and iron, 

 those most convenient to the large centers of population have 

 been in the mean time utilized, both for fuel and for the heavy 

 iron manufactures, rails, pipes, and machinery, that the various 

 purposes of such communities call for on a great scale. When 

 such articles must necessarily be sent to long distances, those 

 points most convenient to water-carriage are naturally preferred 

 for their production. Pittsburgh is a notable instance of this, also 

 the English, Scotch, Welsh, and Australian coal ports, from which 

 this indispensable mineral is shipped to every part of the world. 

 When especially it is desirable for some manufactures to mix the 

 heavier metals of different countries, such operations must neces- 

 sarily take place at or near some convenient port. Thus, tin mined 

 in Cornwall is taken to Swansea, the nearest port having iron- 

 works, when required for making tin plates, and imported ores 

 are, by the use of the adjacent coal, also smelted there, as well as 

 at various coal ports in the northwest coast of England and else- 

 where. The convenience of both coal and iron has made the river 

 Clyde the chief seat of iron ship-building, just as its local timber 

 made Boston that of wooden ship-building. Makers of boilers, 

 engines, and heavy machinery at Manchester, England, have also 

 discovered that even the thirty miles of rail carriage to Liverpool, 



