618 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



wholly inductive. Inductive reasoning in support of the same 

 views occupies the greater part of the essay on " Representative 

 Government," much of the essay on " Parliamentary Reform : the 

 Dangers and the Safeguards," and half of the essay on " Special- 

 ized Administration." In the " Study of Sociology," again, several 

 masses of facts are brought in support of the same views (pp. 3, 4, 

 161-1G9, and 270-273) ; and once more in " The Man versus the 

 State" (pp. 48-60 and 62-64) a like course is pursued. I count, 

 in different places, eight inductive arguments, not in defense of 

 proposals for curing the diseases of the body politic, but in repro- 

 bation of proposals for doing this. " But do not the books and 

 essays named contain deductive arguments ? " it may be asked. 

 Certainly they do ; and I should be ashamed of them if they did 

 not. But everywhere there has been pursued what I have above 

 said is the method of developed science deduction verified by 

 induction. I shall think it time to reconsider the deductions 

 when I find the masses of facts which support them met by 

 larger masses of facts which do the reverse. " Careful observa- 

 tion and experience " have not yet furnished these. 



To make clear the use of an ideal for guidance in dealing with 

 the real, I had recourse to the familiar comparison between the 

 individual body and the body politic. I remarked that " before 

 there can be rational treatment of a disordered state of the bodily 

 functions, there must be a conception of what constitutes their 

 ordered state." The guidance contemplated as derivable from such 

 knowledge consists in exclusion of what is wrong to be done, not 

 in directions concerning what is right to be done. This is clearly 

 shown by the context. There is an imaginary warning against 

 the excesses of a supposed empiric as being " at variance with physi- 

 ological principles " ; that is, negatived by them or forbidden by 

 them. There is no trace whatever of any proposed treatment 

 conforming to physiological principles, but merely an interdict 

 against a treatment. Yet on the strength of these passages, Prof. 

 Huxley ascribes to me the monstrous belief that the practitioner 

 should " treat his patients by deduction from physiological prin- 

 ciples " ! Similarly with the body politic. While I have alleged 

 that " a system of limits and restraints on conduct " may be de- 

 duced from the primary conditions of social co-operation, Prof. 

 Huxley represents me as proposing to seek guidance in healing 

 " the diseases of an organism vastly more complicated than the 

 human body " by " deduction from abstract ethical assumptions ! " 

 "While in both cases the guiding inferences indicated by me all 

 come under the blank form " Thou shalt not do this," they are rep- 

 resented as coming under the blank form " Thou shalt do that." 

 How utterly at variance is the view thus ascribed to me with the 

 view I have myself expressed, will be seen in the following passage : 



