680 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Magdalen. If, instead of vertical wrinkles, horizontal furrows 

 appear on the forehead while the mouth is wearing the bitter trait, 

 we recognize that the man is occupied with painful recollections. 



The physiognomy is most violently changed when the expres- 

 sion of fear is manifested simultaneously with the bitter trait, or 

 when the vertical and horizontal wrinkles both appear on the 

 forehead at once. In this way the countenance receives the ex- 

 pression of violent terror. Leonardo da Vinci describes this ex- 

 pression in very striking terms when he says : " Paint wounded 

 and bruised persons with pale faces and elevated eyebrows ; the 

 whole, including the flesh above, covered with wrinkles, the out- 

 side of the nostrils with a few wrinkles ending near the eye. 

 The wrinkled nostrils should raise themselves and the upper lip 

 with them, so as to expose the upper teeth, and these, parting 

 from the lower jaw, will indicate the cries of the wounded." Dar- 

 win describes other symptoms of terror and fear as follows : " The 

 heart beats quickly and violently, so that it palpitates or knocks 

 against the ribs. . . . The skin becomes instantly pale, as during 

 incipient faintness. This paleness of the surface, however, is 

 probably in large part or exclusively due to the vaso-motor center 

 being affected in such a manner as to cause the contraction of the 

 small arteries of the skin. That the skin is much affected under 

 the sense of great fear we see in the marvelous and inexplicable 

 manner in which perspiration immediately exudes from it. This 

 exudation is all the more remarkable as the surface is then cold, 

 and hence the term a cold sweat, whereas the sudorific glands 

 are properly excited into action when the surface is heated. The 

 hairs also on the skin stand erect, and the superficial muscles 

 shiver. In connection with the disturbed action of the heart, the 

 breathing is hurried. . . . One of the best-marked symptoms is 

 the trembling of all the muscles of the body. . . . From this cause, 

 and from the dryness of the mouth, the voice becomes husky or 

 indistinct, or may altogether fail. ' Obstupui steteruntque comse, 

 et vox f aucibus haesit ' " (I was amazed, my hair stood up, and my 

 voice stuck in my throat). This form of mouth occurs physiog- 

 nomically among persons of a soured nature. 



The sweet trait is opposed to the expression of bitterness ; for 

 while that seeks to avoid as much as possible a disagreeable sen- 

 sation of taste, in it the muscles are set to play in such a manner 

 as to gather up the gustatory impressions as completely as pos- 

 sible. The mouth is closed and the cheeks are strongly pressed 

 against the teeth, so as to concentrate and retain upon the tongue 

 all the parts of the sapid object, which during mastication and 

 degustation glide between the cheeks and the jaws. In this way 

 the activity of the nerves of taste is greatly assisted. The cheeks 

 are pressed against the teeth chiefly by the action of the same 



