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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Fig. 8. Pinched Expression. 



are directed tlience toward the sides, like the sides of an obtuse- 

 angled triangle, in a straight line downward and outward. These 

 two indentations are very characteristic of the pinched trait, and 

 correspond with the lower border of the tense labial orbicular, 



drawn up in its middle (Fig. 8). This 

 expression is, however, provoked not 

 only by very intense corporeal but 

 also by very intense intellectual ef- 

 forts. The efforts, however, which we 

 make in mental works in scientific 

 researches, for example are rarely 

 passionate enough in their nature to 

 bring on a spasmodic pressure of the lips and teeth ; but this 

 takes place when we dispose ourselves for an intellectual com- 

 bat, when one appeals to all the force of his will to defend 

 himself against strange influences and guard his own convic- 

 tions. The mouth closed firmly, with the lower lip raised, gives 

 the expression of tenacity, stubbornness, obstinacy, and perse- 

 verance. 



A person having his teeth and lips closely shut and the skin of 

 his forehead contracted at the same time into vertical wrinkles, 

 shows that he is angry, and firmly disposed to contend about the 

 matter that is on his mind (Fig. 9). If his lips are pinched and 



Fig. 9. Pinched Expression, with Vertical 

 Wrinkles. 



Fig. 10. Pinched Expression, with Hori- 

 zontal Wrinkles. 



his eyebrows lifted up, he is trying to maintain the impressions 

 that have determined him to an obstinate persistence in his opin- 

 ions and intentions (Fig. 10). In J. Schrader's picture, " Gregory 

 VII in Exile at Salerno" (Fig. 11), the tenacity of the mouth, the 

 anger expressed in the vertical wrinkles, and the tense attention 

 in the horizontal ones, joined with a secretive look, give to the 

 face of the character the expression of a dangerous man who is 

 contemplating perfidy and vengeance. Another combination is 



