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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



are accustomed to do work with zeal and conscientiously. This 

 trait can not, however, be developed physiognomically as the re- 

 sult of intellectual efforts and the expression of tenacity, except 

 the corresponding states of the mind are repeated not only often 

 "but with duration. We recognize in them the tenacem propositi 

 virum (man tenacious of his purpose) of Horace, the persevering 

 man ; and also, when the expression of the pinched air is engraved 

 with a particular force, the opinionated, obstinate, headstrong, 

 hardened man. 



The expression of contempt, or disdain, is manifested partly in 

 the eyes and partly in the mouth. A person who wishes to show 

 his contempt raises his head in order to cast his look downward 

 npon the object of his scorn ; he thus expresses that he feels 

 superior to the one who appears low to him only he does not 

 look straightforwardly at the object, but side wise, as if he did not 

 judge it necessary to turn his head in order to fix his eyes upon 

 him ; at the same time the eyelids droop as in sleepiness and as a 

 sign of extreme indifference toward the real or imaginary cause. 



Still, a certain degree of idle and con- 

 strained attention is recognizable in 

 the stretched appearance of the frontal 

 muscles ; the eyebrows are drawn up 

 and horizontal wrinkles are formed on 

 the skin of the forehead (Fig. 14). Thus, 

 a feeble degree of contempt is expressed 

 only in the eyes, but in the rising de- 

 grees of a haughty disdain the expres- 

 sion of the mouth becomes modified in 

 a peculiar way. The bitter trait appears 

 in the upper lip, as if the person were 

 feeling a disagreeable, nauseating taste, 

 and simultaneously the lower lip is pushed forward and upward, 

 as if in the desire to remove an insignificant object from the neigh- 

 borhood of the lips. The sign that the object is regarded as very 

 insignificant is derived from the fact that in elongating the lower 

 lip we are accustomed to blow a little puff of air, as if that were 

 enough to blow away so light an object. Hence the mimic ex- 

 pression of contempt is a complicated one, and is related partly to 

 imaginary objects and partly to imaginary sensorial impressions. 



As in the pinched trait, the lower lip is likewise drawn up in 

 the trait of contempt, and in both cases by means of the two leva- 

 tor muscles of the chin. The expression of stubbornness, how- 

 ever, is essentially distinguished from that of contempt by the 

 lips being drawn inward, while in contempt the lower lip is 

 pushed forward. This is due to a combined action of the levator 

 muscles and of the triangular muscles of the chin ; while the 



Fig. 14. Expression op Contempt. 



