i6o POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



it may, our English orthography will gradually, and in time, conform 

 more and more to phonetic principles. But for the practical needs 

 of the non-English, the interest of the language as a world speech, 

 the movement is fairly glacial in its slowness, and the world will not 

 wait. 



Our English grammar, while simple in the main, presents some 

 most eccentric irregularities in the conjugation of the verbs and the 

 nouns. Consider some of our amusing singulars and plurals. A 

 dealer, wishing to buy a dozen of that tailor's article called a " goose," 

 after hanging despairingly between " geese " and " gooses " wrote 

 •' Send me one tailor's goose. P. S. Send eleven more of the same." 

 We say "mouse" and "mice," but "house" and "houses" (howzes), 

 "blouse" and "blouses" (blowses), while we also say "grouse" and 

 " grouse " alike in singular and plural. 



Perhaps our verbs are simple in their use for the most part; but 

 how many of us are absolutely safe on our feet with respect to the use 

 of " may " and " can," of " flee " and " fly," of " shall " and " will," 

 or, dare I say, even of "sit" and "set," or of "lie" and "lay" on 

 occasion ? We think we know we sit down, that the sun and the hen, 

 set, and that we set bread. And perhaps we are quite positive as to 

 what we and the sun have done, grammatically speaking, when we 

 have concluded our actions. But after the setting hen has commenced 

 to " set," has she " set," has she " sat," or has she been " seated ?" We 

 are as confident that sun " rises " as that it " sets " ; and as confident 

 that we " raise " as that we " set " the bread, but how many of us do not 

 vaguely wonder at times, when the process is over, whether that bread 

 has really " risen," or whether it has not " raised " after all ? 



The conjugation of the verb, that bugbear in all languages, has 

 been reduced to a trifle in English, but we must not forget the dis- 

 tracting irregularities in the past and perfect tenses which our children 

 and uneducated people with logical instinct are constantly endeavor- 

 ing to straighten out. Why need we say " catch " and " caught," but 

 " snatch " and " snatched," " sing, sang, sung " but " bring, brought, 

 brought " ? We say " see, saw, seen," " saw, sawed, sawn." But put 

 the two together into " see-saw," and behold, we say that we have 

 " see-sawed," not that we have " seen-sawn." We have " lit," or we 

 have " lighted " the lamp, but we have " bitten " the apple, even against 

 the authority of the baby, who says " bited." There are those of us 

 who would find it immensely easier to tell whether a man had been 

 £t drunk," than to know at once, and on the spot, whether the cause 

 of his intoxication were something he " had drunk " or " had drank." 



To conclude: the presence of numberless colloquial idioms, im- 

 possible to " parse " or to explain by any simple rule, such as render 

 the plays of Shakespeare almost incomprehensible to foreigners, such 

 •as throw into despair the students of Aristophanes, these are the 



