ZOOLOGY 457 



of the tripod upon which rests the doctrine of human evolution. While 

 opinions differ with respect to the remains of man taken from the 

 many caves and mounds of Europe and America, there is but one 

 generally accepted view regarding the ape-man Pithecanthropus of the 

 Javan rocks. The remains of this animal prove among other things 

 that its brain was intermediate between the average ape brain and the 

 average human brain, that the animal was indeed an ape-man and 

 nothing else. 



Science holds, furthermore, that natural factors alone have brought 

 about human evolution. While it is true that the explanation is no 

 more complete for this special instance than it is for animals in general, 

 yet the human species is not exempt from the control of the known 

 factors, like those which cause variation or govern inheritance. Indeed, 

 some of the significant facts of hereditv have been first made out in 

 the human species. Can we doubt the reality of selection and the 

 struggle for existence when scores perish annually in the conflict with 

 extreme degrees of temperature and other environmental forces, when 

 as a result of the unceasing combat with bacterial enemies alone the 

 casualties on the human side number in our country more than a 

 hundred thousand annually? 



To the zoologist it seems strange that there is so much opposition 

 to the doctrine of human evolution. In truth he finds this to be pro- 

 portional to misunderstanding of the facts, for when the evidence is 

 produced — Pelion piled on Ossa — any lingering doubts the observer 

 might have are crushed by an irresistible weight of testimony. After 

 all, our kind is but one of the many hundreds of thousands of living 

 species; and viewing the matter from the calm, impersonal standpoint 

 of scientific study, the fact that he is himself a human being does not 

 distort the investigator's vision, for his perspective is corrected and 

 rectified by the instruments of scientific method. He finds no difficulty 

 in accepting human evolution as a scientific fact — that is, true as far 

 as science goes. 



In extending its broad comparative studies into the field of complex 

 and intricate human nature, zoology touches numerous other sciences 

 that might seem at first sight to be entirely independent, or at the most 

 only casually connected with it. I shall venture to point out where 

 analysis within the field of zoology has produced results which have 

 a high and immediate value for students of anthropology, psychology, 

 sociology and ethics. 



When they deal with the evolution of the human species from pre- 

 human animals, the anthropologist and the zoologist are brought by 

 their similar interest upon common ground; and when they pass on 

 to explore the field of human diversity where lie the complex problems 



