ZOOLOGICAL LAWS 501 



are now generally believed, as held by Latham, to have originated in 

 upper central Europe. Yet, although the view respecting the cradle 

 of the Aryans has changed, anthropologists have not seen the important 

 bearing that it has upon the problem of neolithic man. The Aryans 

 are generally held to have had a blond complexion. 



As our discussion must from its nature concern itself with questions 

 of race, let us first examine the criteria by which anthropologists dis- 

 tinguish one race from another. If you ask an anthropologist how he 

 distinguishes an Aryan from a non-Aryan race, he will tell you that 

 he relies on three main tests: (a) the color of the skin, hair and eyes; 

 (&) the shape of the skull and certain other osteological characteristics; 

 and (c) the system of descent through males. Formerly language was 

 included in the tests of race, but when it was pointed out that the 

 Negroes of Jamaica speak English, those of Louisiana French, hence- 

 forward it was assumed that one race can embrace the language of 

 another with the greatest ease. Yet it may turn out, after all, that 

 language was too hastily expelled from the criteria of race. On the 

 other hand, we may find that too implicit faith has been placed on the 

 three criteria of cranial characteristics, pigmentation and law of suc- 

 cession. 



(a) As it is assumed that all Aryans were blond and traced descent 

 through males, so it is held that all Europeans, who are dark-com- 

 plexioned, and whose forefathers traced descent through women, are 

 non-Aryan in race, and that, although they now in almost every case 

 speak an Aryan tongue, this is not their primitive speech, but simply 

 that learned from their Aryan conquerors. According to this orthodox 

 view, the dark-skinned inhabitants of Italy, Spain and Greece are all 

 non-Aryan, and all have borrowed the language of their masters, 

 whilst, of course, the same is held respecting the melanochrous popula- 

 tion of France and of the British Isles. Ever since Professor Sergi 

 comprehended under what he terms the " Eurafrican species " all the 

 dark-complexioned peoples of southern and western Europe, as well as 

 the Semitic and Hamitic peoples of western Asia and northern Africa, 

 the doctrine that the dark-skinned peoples of Europe once spoke a 

 non-Aryan tongue or tongues is supposed to have been finally estab- 

 lished. But under his Eurafrican species Sergi includes the blond 

 race of northern Europe who speak Aryan languages along with the 

 dark races who speak non-Aryan tongues. It is argued that as all 

 the dark-skinned peoples on the north side of the Mediterranean belong 

 by their physical type to the same original stock as the Semites and 

 Hamites, they must likewise have spoken non-Aryan languages. Yet 

 it might as well be maintained that the Finns, who speak a non-Aryan 

 tongue, and the Scandinavians, who speak an Aryan, were originally all 

 of one stock, because both races are blond. 



