ZOOLOGICAL LAWS 507 



The kiang of the Himalaya had no dangerous enemy until man was 

 armed with a rifle. In Africa the zebras have had only two formidable 

 foes — man and the lion. It is asserted by the most experienced hunters 

 that the gaudy livery of the zebra makes him conspicuous from afar, 

 whether he is on the mountain, on the plain or in the shade of a tree. 

 His brilliant color, therefore, really exposes him to man. But it will 

 be said that it is well adapted to conceal him at night, at which time 

 the lion seeks his prey. Yet as the best authorities hold that the 

 lion hunts entirely by scent, the coloration of the zebra affords him no 

 protection against his inveterate foe. 



I have shown that in horses the colors — such as bay, black, gray and 

 white — accompany certain well-defined inward qualities. But as black 

 is most certainly not a primitive horse color, it follows that coat colors 

 may be intimately connected with certain other characteristics quite 

 irrespective of protective coloring. Again, as the variation in the size 

 and shape of the ears and hoofs of the asses and zebras can not be set 

 down to protective coloring, but must be due to other causes, there is 

 no reason why variations in color should not be ascribed to similar 

 causes. 



The argument based on the analogy of the horse family and the 

 tigers, and on that of the natives of the New World, may be applied 

 to the races of Africa. Next to the Mediterranean lie the Berbers and 

 their Hamitic congeners, who are regarded as part of the Eurafrican 

 species by Sergi and his school. But the Berbers are not all of the 

 typical Mediterranean physique. The blond Berbers of the highlands 

 of Eif in Northwest Morocco and of the Atlas have long been well 

 known. In the region lower down and in western Tunis the occur- 

 rence of the xanthochrous type seems much less frequent, whilst farther 

 east it practically disappears. 



It is certain that there was a fair-haired element in Libya long 

 before Home conquered Carthage or the Vandals had passed into the 

 ken of history. Callimachus testifies to the existence of blond Berbers 

 in the third century B.C. We may hold, then, with Sergi and others 

 that the blond element in the Berbers is not a survival from invasions 

 of Vandals or Goths, or from Eoman colonists, but that they rather 

 owe their fair complexions and light-colored eyes to the circumstance 

 that they were cradled in a cool mountainous region, and not along the 

 low-lying border of the Mediterranean like their dark-colored relations 

 whose language and customs they share. 



If, then, some of those who speak Hamitic are fair, and have been 

 fair for centuries before Christ, as Sergi himself admits, whilst others 

 are dark, there is no reason why some of the peoples who speak Aryan 

 might not be dark whilst others are blond. 



The Berbers and their Hamitic congeners shade off on the south 



