ZOOLOGICAL LAWS 509 



tina, where the descendants of the Spanish settlers thrive in a climate 

 very analogous to that of Spain. In the southern states of North 

 America the whites can not flourish, and only just manage to survive. 

 On the other hand, the descendants of the Negro slaves imported into 

 Brazil, the West Indies and the southern states of North America 

 thrive and multiply with extraordinary vigor; a fact doubtless due to 

 their race having been evolved under similar conditions in equatorial 

 Africa. 



Even from the evidence already to hand there is high probability 

 that intermarriage can do little to form a new race unless the parents 

 on both sides are of races evolved in similar environments. 



I have already pointed out that although the fair-haired race of 

 upper Europe has age after age kept pouring over the Alps into Italy 

 and the other southern peninsulas, and has constantly intermixed with 

 the indigenous populations, it is only in the upper part of Italy that the 

 blond race is able to hold its own. In Italy the xanthochrous race in 

 ancient times, as to-day, had its maximum along the Alps, and gradually 

 dwindled towards the south until the melanochrous race stood practically 1 

 alone in the lower part of the peninsula. So too in the Balkan, whilst 

 the fair-haired element was at its maximum along the Alps and the 

 Danube, southwards the melanochrous becomes more and more com- 

 pletely dominant, as it practically is to-day in the lower part of the 

 peninsula. 



(b) In the Alpine regions there has been from Neolithic times a 

 brachycephalic race, also found in central France and in the British 

 Isles, whither it is supposed to have come in the Bronze age. It has 

 been a fundamental article of faith with Sergi and others that this 

 round-headed race came from Asia, the home of brachycephalism. It 

 is Mongolian according to most, and spoke a non- Aryan language; but 

 Sergi regards it as Aryan, thus reverting to the old doctrine, which 

 made the Aryans come from central Asia, and he assumes that these 

 invaders imposed their language both on the aborigines of Italy, such 

 as the Ligurians, and on the blond race of northern Europe; but we 

 shall soon see that this assumption has no base. Now, as these folk 

 dwelt in the region where we find the Ligurians of historical times, 

 others have argued that the Ligurians were a non-Aryan people from 

 Asia. But it is impossible to find any hard-and-fast lines between 

 the Alpine race and the peoples north and south of it in culture and 

 sociology. For that reason, when treating of the people of the Alps in 

 my " Early Age of Greece " I did not take any account of the differ- 

 ence in cranial measurements. In 1906, at the British Association, I 

 maintained that this difference of skull type did not mean any racial 

 difference, and on the analogy of the changes in the osteology of the 

 Equida? I urged that the roundness of the skulls was simply due 



