510 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



to environment, as the horses of the Pampas when brought up into the 

 mountainous regions of Chile and Peru rapidly change their physical 

 type. Physical anthropologists have already maintained that the round 

 head of the Mongolian has been developed in the high altitude of the 

 Altai. If that be so, there is no reason why a similar phenomenon 

 should not have taken place in the Alpine region, in Albania, Anatolia 

 and wherever else in mountain areas brachycephaly has been found in 

 more than sporadic examples, which, of course, may well be due to 

 migrations or importation of slaves. But I am far from suggesting 

 that altitude is the only cause of brachycephaly. 



The evidence, then, as far as it goes, points to the same conclusion 

 as that to which we came as regards pigmentation, and it may even- 

 tually be proved that just as each area has its own type of coloration, so 

 also has it its own osteological character. In support of this I may 

 point out that recently Dr. William Wright, Hunterian lecturer, has 

 come to the conclusion from his eraniological investigations that the 

 brachycephalic Alpine race was evolved on European soil, whilst Dr. 

 *C. S. Myers has been led by his researches on Egyptian skulls to con- 

 clude that, " in spite of the various infiltrations of foreign blood in the 

 past, modern Egypt contains a homogeneous population which grad- 

 ually shifts its average character as we proceed southwards from the 

 shores of the Mediterranean to Nubia beyond the First Cataract." 



It is not impossible that Alpine environment may have acted upon 

 the shape of the skull of the ox as well as that of man. We know 

 from the examination of the fauna of the lake dwellings of Switzerland 

 that the Celtic ox (Bos longifrons) was there the common type, and 

 its descendants still continue to be the typical breed along the Alpine 

 chain. This ox is characterized by its strongly developed occipital 

 region and its small horns curved forward and inward. As it differs 

 so essentially from the urus (Bos primigenius) and from the long- 

 horned cattle of the Mediterranean lands, it seems not unlikely that the 

 peculiar cranial formation may have been evolved under mountainous 

 environment. 



It is now clear that differences in the shape of the skull and in the 

 color of the skin, hair and eyes can not be at all implicitly relied on as 

 criteria of race. The defenders of the non-Aryan character of the 

 dark races of Greece, Italy, Spain, France and the British Isles have 

 now to depend on two arguments only, one of which is linguistic, the 

 other sociological. It is admitted that it is very difficult to point to 

 any non-Aryan survivals in the vocabularies of the languages of these 

 countries, and it is also admitted that in them all the tense system of 

 the Aryans has been taken over in its entirety. Neither Kretschmer 

 nor any one else has ventured to affirm that there is any survival of 

 non-Aryan syntactical forms in Greek, the language of all others in 



