2i2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



years ago from the vicinity of the falls of St. Anthony. It required, 

 maybe, two thousand years more for the passage over the state of that 

 uninhabitable belt already mentioned. 



7. The people along the gulf coast and on the ocean shores would 

 not have been quick to follow up the retiring cold of a glacial winter. 

 They would not readily leave the warm lowlands, where food was 

 abundant, to penetrate the wastes of a country that was still swept by 

 cold winds and whose wide-spreading waters were chilled by the dis- 

 solution of the northern ice. 



8. The occurrence, however, of an opportunity for migration was 

 equivalent to the creation of an impulse, and after a time the southern 

 tribes moved into the regenerated new country. 



It is the purpose of this paper to give a glimpse of some of the 

 movements of this migration, and to show how it affected Minnesota. 

 The time within which these migrations occurred, for reasons already 

 stated, can not therefore exceed five or six thousand years. 



It will be reasonable to assume that wherever the chance for hopeful 

 migration first presented itself there the first movement took place. 

 Some weaker tribe was expelled by war, or, the people being crowded, 

 some tribe sought more room and better quarters to expand in. This 

 change must have begun in the southwest, perhaps no further south 

 than Utah or Colorado, or perhaps some tribe of Mexico began the great 

 migration. The same impulse toward northward migration was felt 

 all along the gulf coast and on the Atlantic seaboard. Sometimes 

 whole tribes abandoned their ancient seats and sometimes only a dis- 

 contented portion of a tribe parted from their kindred. There must 

 have been many conflicts and counter migrations and movements in all 

 directions; but those who started first probably continued to move in 

 the van as they were again pressed by those in the rear. 



When there came finally a condition comparatively fixed, it must be 

 allowed that the tribes had settled where their environment was best 

 suited to their needs, subject, of course, to the dominance of more 

 powerful tribes. It may be reasonably accepted that on attaining a 

 condition of comparative quiet, the geographical situation of the 

 linguistic stocks was approximately as represented on the linguistic 

 map of Powell, barring, of course, such later changes of habitat as can 

 be shown to have taken place either within historic time or by con- 

 sistent application of tradition. A general sketch of the Powell 

 linguistic map has already been given. 



It is now necessary to examine it a little more closely and to note 

 some of the more remarkable features. It is a most notable fact that 

 the southern parts of the United States are thickly dotted over with 

 small areas that denote the locations of numerous distinct aboriginal 

 stocks, while the broad interior is occupied by a few widely spread 



