FOREIGN ASSOCIATES OF NATIONAL SOCIETIES 373 



given in Table I. The name of the country, the name of the society, 

 the year of its foundation, and the date of the list of members em- 

 ployed in the following discussion are given in the successive columns. 



Table I. 

 Societies 



A list was next prepared of the foreign associates of each of these 

 societies. It appears that there are 87 persons thus honored by two 

 or more societies. Their names are given in the first column of Table 

 II., in alphabetical order. The present residence is given in the second 

 column. The department of science is given in the third column, 

 generally taken from that assigned by the Institute of France, or the 

 Academy of the Lincei. These classifications, which are nearly iden- 

 tical, are geometry, mechanics, astronomy, geography (including navi- 

 gation), physics, chemistry, mineralogy, botany, agriculture, zoology 

 (including anatomy), and medicine (including surgery). The year 

 of birth is given in the fourth column, and the age at the time of 

 election in the following columns. The letters, E, U, G, A, B, F 

 and I represent the seven societies named above, respectively. The 

 age is placed in italics to indicate resident membership. Thus, italics 

 are used, in the column headed R, in the case of all Russians. No 

 account has been taken of elections or deaths occurring after January 

 1, 1908. 



In using Table II., it is extremely difficult to treat all nationalities 

 with equal fairness. Thus, a resident in one of the seven great 

 countries can be a foreign associate of only six of the societies. A 

 Russian could never be a foreign associate of the Russian Society, 

 while a Swede might be an associate of all seven. The numbers in 

 italics in Table II. are much smaller than the others, which shows that 

 less eminence is required for election as a resident member, than as 

 a foreign associate, or perhaps that a man's work is better known at 

 home than abroad. In a few cases, a man is elected into a foreign society 

 who is not a member of the home society. This seldom occurs except 

 in Germany, where a Bavarian, for instance, might be elected into the 

 Austrian Society, before he was elected into the Prussian Society. 

 Complications also occur when a resident member of a society moves 

 into another country. Fortunately, these conditions affect a few men 

 only. On the whole, the simplest and fairest plan seemed to be to 



