FOREIGN ASSOCIATES OF NATIONAL SOCIETIES 377 



by the number of members, is given in the last column of the table. 

 Thus, Prussia, which has a population of 37,300,000 furnishes 4 men 

 who are members of all 7 societies, 1 of 6, 2 of 5, 5 of 4, 3 of 3, and 

 2 of 2, making 17 in all. The number of memberships is 77, or an 

 average of 4.5 societies to each member. On the average, one Prus- 

 sian in 2,000,000, appears in Table II. 



Prom an examination of Table III. it appears that, with the ex- 

 ception of one botanist from Java, who should perhaps be added to 

 the group from Holland, no member resides in Asia, Africa, South 

 America or Oceanica. With the same exception, no member comes 

 from a colony or subsidiary country. The only members from North 

 America are from the United States, and no members come from 

 Scotland, Ireland or Wales. The number from the United States 

 is no greater than that from Saxony which has about one twentieth 

 the population. This is in part offset by the fact that the two Eng- 

 lish speaking nations, England and the United States, show a higher 

 average number of societies per member than any other nations except 

 Italy and Belgium. The very small ratio of members to population 

 in Eussia is largely due to the vast sparsely settled tracts of that 

 country where advanced intellectual work is impossible. 



Grouping the members according to cities, we have, Paris, 12; 

 London, 10; Berlin, 10; Vienna, 4; Leipzig, 4; Stockholm, 3; St. 

 Petersburg, 3; Copenhagen, 3. It will be noticed that, with the ex- 

 ception of Leipzig, each of these cities is the capital of its country. 

 All the members from France, Austria, Sweden, Eussia, Denmark and 

 Java come from the capitals of those countries. Of the entire 87, 58 

 or nearly two thirds reside in capital cities. The average member- 

 ship of these men is also higher, being 4.3 for those in capitals and 

 3.9 for the others. Ten cities contain two members each, and seven- 

 teen, one each. 



A grouping according to the sciences is given in Table IV., in a 

 form similar to Table III. The successive columns give the name 

 of the science, the number of members in 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2 societies, 

 respectively, the total number of members, the total number of so- 

 cieties, the average number of societies per member, and four columns 

 indicating the country to which the members belong. The first of 

 these columns headed G, for Germany, includes Prussia, Saxony, 

 Bavaria, Baden and Wurtemberg; E includes England and the United 

 States ; F, France ; M, the other countries. 



In eight of the sciences, the number of members is fairly distri- 

 buted, varying from 8 to 11. None appear in mechanics, 3 only in 

 agriculture, and 5 in geography. The grade, or average membership 

 is remarkably high in chemistry, 5.5, with astronomy second, 4.9. The 

 average for all is 4.1. Of the 10 members belonging to all seven 

 societies 4 are chemists. The distribution according to nations is 



