408 



POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Fourth Year. Hay — Timothy and Clover. In 1903 the grass field was mown 

 twice and yielded 5J tons of hay per acre in two cuttings. In 1004 one field yielded 

 4Jtons per acre, the first cutting. 



the truth of the proverb — " No grass, no cattle ; no cattle, no manure ; 

 no manure, no crops " — had not been appreciated. Townsend's four 

 course considered something more than supplying man with grain, a 

 new point of view arose, and in regard to it Arthur Young said : " The 

 grand article of all husbandry is the keeping great stocks of cattle ; for 

 without much cattle, there can not be much manure." Two out of 

 the four crops, clover and turnips, and the straw from the grain crops 

 were used for the live stock, either as food or as bedding and the result 

 was a large supply of manure and increased productivity of the soil. 

 The grain crops were separated either by an intertilled crop, turnips, 

 or by a legume, clover. Substituting corn for turnips we have a rota- 

 tion of equal value for the northern states. 



The introduction of clover and turnips into England as field crops 

 is coincident with the improvement of live stock by Bakewell. From 

 this time on meat was added to the diet of the common people of 

 Britain, in small but increasing quantities. It is worth noting the 

 effect that the call for meat had upon the minds of the thinkers of 

 two divisions of the Teutonic race. The English school — including 

 Bakewell, Coke of Holkham, Booth, Bates and many others — set to 

 work to so improve the conformation of their breeds of live stock that 

 they should be capable of producing a pound of beef, mutton or milk 

 more economically; while the German school, led by von Thaer, began 

 the epoch-making research as to the influence of foods upon their live 

 stock, their efforts being to make the foods produce meat more econom- 



