IMMIGRATION. 439 



Otho the Great of Germany and forced to accommodate themselves to 

 a settled, peaceful existence. They adopted Christianity and western 

 political institutions and showed themselves as progressive in civiliza- 

 tion as they had been skilful in war and pillage. The last of the line 

 of Arpad, Andrew III., died childless in 1301, and the crown became 

 elective. The first Hapsburg to be elected king of Hungary was Albert 

 V. of Austria (1438), and the House of Hapsburg has since considered 

 the kingdom of Hungary a part of its heritage. Owing to civil strife 

 and rival claimants for the throne, the Turks obtained a foothold in 

 the country about 1541, and their possessions were retained until finally 

 driven out by Prince Eugene in 1718. The long stay of the Turks in 

 Hungary was made possible by Magyar jealousy of the growth of Ger- 

 manic influence. This feeling has never disappeared and was largely 

 responsible for the brave defense of the young queen Maria Theresa 

 by Magyars when her throne was threatened by Prussia, France, 

 Bavaria and Saxony. After 1815 a great revival of national feeling 

 was manifest among the Magyars. This movement was characterized 

 by a demand for personal and constitutional liberty and a remarkable 

 activity in literature. Many liberal reforms were achieved, but the 

 suppression of the misguided revolt of 1848 set back the cause of na- 

 tional constitutional liberty twenty years. In 1867 the wise and good 

 Franz Joseph saw the necessity of conciliating his Magyar subjects, ac- 

 centuated by the humiliating defeat of Austria by the Prussians in 1866. 

 The result was the dual monarchy as it exists to-day with a complete 

 restoration of the constitutional liberties of the Magyar. Under the 

 new order of things the Magyars have performed wonders in the estab- 

 lishment of commercial and industrial prosperity. Their progress in 

 agriculture and manufactures, in railroad building and architecture, 

 has been the marvel of Europe. And their economic progress and com- 

 mercial expansion have earned for them the title of the Japanese of 

 Europe. 



From a country so prosperous and so greatly favored by nature as 

 Hungary, we can scarcely expect to receive the best type of her subjects 

 as immigrants. It is probable that the best type of Magyar has no 

 inclination to leave his native land, and necessity compels but a very 

 small number to emigrate. The Magyar immigrants are usually un- 

 skilled laborers and find employment chiefly in the mining states; 36 

 per cent, of their number landed being destined to Pennsylvania. 

 Physically they are active and strong, and 90 per cent, can read and 

 write. In fact, the Magyar seems an ideal immigrant but for one 

 fault, his lack of permanency. Their intense national feeling and 

 love for their native country make them, like the Englishman, slow 

 to adopt American citizenship. They have a tendency to go back to 

 Hungary and in flitting back and forth from Europe to America are 



