130 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Increasing rigidity of custom and growth of it into law, which goes 

 along with the extending governmental organization jjolding larger 

 masses together, affects the domestic relations along with the j^olitical 

 relations ; and thus renders the family arrangements, be they polyan- 

 dric, polygynic, or monogamic, more definite. 



Can we, then, allege special connections between the different types 

 of family and the different social types classed as militant and indus- 

 trial ? None are revealed by a cursory inspection. Looking first at 

 simple tribes, we find among the unwarlike Todas a mixed polyandry 

 and polygyny ; and among the Esquimaux, so peaceful as not even to 

 understand the meaning of war, we find, along with monogamic un- 

 ions, others that are polyandric and polygynic. At the same time, 

 the warlike Caribs show us a certain amount of polyandry and a 

 greater amount of polygyny. If, turning to the other extreme, we 

 compare with one another laige nations, ancient and modern, it seems 

 that the militant character in some cases coexists with a prevalent 

 polygyny and in other cases with a prevalent or universal monogamy. 

 Nevertheless, we shall, on examining the facts more closely, discern 

 general connections between the militant type and polygyny, and be- 

 tween the industrial type and monogamy. 



But first we must recognize the truth that a predominant militancy 

 is not so much to be measured by armies and the conquests they 

 achieve, as by constancy of predatory activities. The contrast be- 

 tween the militant and the industrial is j^roperly between a state in 

 which life is occupied in conflict with other beings, brute and human, 

 and a state in which life is occupied in peaceful labor energies spent 

 in destruction instead of energies sjient in production. So conceiving 

 militancy, we find polygyny to be its habitual accomj^animent. To 

 trace the coexistence of the two from Australians and Tasmanians 

 on through the more developed simple societies up to the compound 

 and doubly compound, would be tedious and is needless ; for observ- 

 ing, as we have already done, the prevalence of polygyny in the less 

 advanced societies, and admitting as we must their state of unceasing 

 hostility to their neighbors, the coexistence of these traits is a corol- 

 lary. That this coexistence results from causal connection is suggested 

 by certain converse cases. Among the Dorians, a division of the New 

 Guinea people, there is strict monogamy, with forbidding of divorce, 

 in a primitive community comparatively unwai'like and comparatively 

 industrial. Another instance is furnished by the Land Dyaks, who 

 are monogamic to the extent that pologyny is an offense, and who, 

 though given to tribal quarrels about their lands, and to the taking 

 of heads as trophies, have such degree of industrial development that 

 the men, instead of making war and the chase habitual occupations, 

 do all the heavy work, and some division of trades and commercial 

 intercourse exists. The Hill-tribes of India furnish other instances. 

 There are the amiable Bodo and Dliimals, without military arrange- 



