270 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



wives. Further, we found that even in European history this rela- 

 tion, at first not manifest, is to be traced. Conversely, it was shown 

 that with increase of industrialness and consequent approach to equal- 

 ity of the sexes in numbers, monogamy becomes more general, be- 

 cause extensive polygyny is rendered impracticable. We saw, too, 

 that there is a congruity between that compulsory coujieralion which 

 is the organizing principle of the militant type of society, and that 

 compulsory cooperation characterizing the polygynous household ; 

 while with the industrial type of society, organized on the principle 

 of voluntary cooperation, there harmonizes tliat monogamic union 

 which is an essential condition to voluntary domestic cooperation. 

 Lastly, these relationships w^ere clearly shown by the remarkable fact 

 that, in diiferent parts of the world, among different races, there are 

 primitive societies in other respects unatlvanced, Avhich, exceptional 

 in being peaceful and industrial, are also exceptional in being mono- 

 gamic. 



Passing to the consideration of the family nnder its social as- 

 pects, we examined certain current theories. These imply that in 

 the beginning there were settled marital relations, which we have 

 seen is not the fact ; that there was at first descent in the male line, 

 which the evidence disproves ; that in the earliest groups there was 

 definite subordination to a head, which is not a sustainable proposi- 

 tion. Further, the contained assumptions that originally there was 

 an innate sentiment of filial obedience, giving a root for patriarchal 

 authority, and that originally family connection afibrded the only 

 reason for political combination, are at variance with accounts given 

 us of the uncivilized. Recognizing the fact that if we are fully to 

 understand the higher forms of the family we must trace them up 

 from those lowest forms accompanying the lowest social state, we saw 

 how, in a small separated group of persons old and young, held 

 together by some kinship, there was, under the circumstances of pas- 

 toral life, an establishing of male descent, an increasing of cohesion, 

 of subordination, of cooperation, industrial and defensive; and that 

 acquirement of structure became relatively easy because domestic 

 government and social government became identical : the influences 

 favoring each conspiring instead of conflicting. Hence the genesis 

 of a simple society more developed than all preceding simple socie- 

 ties, and better fitted for the composition of higher societies. 



Thus naturally originating under special conditions, the patri- 

 archal group with its adapted ideas, sentiments, customs, arrange- 

 ments, dividing in successive generations into sub-groups holding 

 together in larger or smaller clusters according as the environment 

 favored, carried its organization with it into the settled state ; and 

 the efficient coordination evolved within it favored efficient coordina- 

 tion of the larger societies formed by aggregation. Though, as we 

 are shown by partially-civilized kingdoms existing in Africa, and by 



