5i6 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ishness, are preserved only when and as far as the instinct of parent- 

 hood predominates. Clearly, then, weakness of the marital relation, 

 indeiiuite incoherent forms of family, harsh treatment of women, and 

 infanticide, ai'e inevitable concomitants of militancy in its extreme 

 form. 



The advance from these lowest social groups, hardly to be called 

 societies, to groups that are larger, or have more structure, or both, 

 implies increased cooperation. This cooperation may be compulsory 

 or voluntary, or it may be, and usually is, partly the one and partly 

 the other. We have seen that great militancy implies predominance 

 of compulsory cooperation, and that great industrialness implies pre- 

 dominance of voluntary cooperation. Here we have to observe that 

 it is deductively manifest, as we have found it inductively true, that 

 the accompanying domestic relations are in each case congruous with 

 the necessitated social relations. 



The individual nature which exercises that despotic control and 

 submits to that extreme subjection implied by pronounced militancy 

 in developing societies, no less than the fostering of egoism and re- 

 pression of sympathy by a life devoted to war, inevitably determines 

 the arrangements within the household as it does the arrangements 

 without it. Hence the disregard of women's claims shown in stealing 

 and buying them ; hence the inequality of status between the sexes 

 entailed by polygyny ; hence the use of women as laboring slaves; 

 hence the life and death power over wife and child; and hence that 

 constitution of the family which subjects all its members to the eldest 

 male. 



Conversely, the type of individual nature developed by voluntary 

 cooperation in societies that are predominantly industrial, whether 

 they be peaceful, simple tribes, or nations that have in great measure 

 outgrown militancy, is a relatively-altruistic nature. The daily habit 

 of exchanging services, or giving products representing work done 

 for money representing work done, is a habit of seeking such egoistic 

 satisfaction as allows like egoistic satisfactions to those dealt with. 

 There is an enforced respect for others' claims ; there is an accom- 

 panying mental representation of their claims implying, in so far, 

 fellow-feeling ; and there is an absence of those repressions of fellow- 

 feeling involved by coercion. Necessarily, the type of character thus 

 cultivated, while it modifies social actions and arrangements, modifies 

 also domestic actions and arrangements. The discipline which brings 

 greater recognition of the claims of fellow-men brings greater recog- 

 nition of the claims of women and children.. The practice of con- 

 sulting the wills of those with whom there is cooperation outside 

 the household, brings with it the practice of consulting the Avills of 

 those with whom there is cooperation inside the household. The 

 marital relation becomes changed from one of master and subject 

 into one of approximately-equal partnership ; while the bond becomes 



