34 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



the course of the main and subsidiary conduits are 17 bridges, 3f 

 miles of arcade, 4^ miles of siphon, and 17^ miles of tunnel. The 

 work is done under the direction and supervision and in accordance 

 with the designs of M. Belgrand. The total estimated cost, including 

 $900,000 paid for injury to riparian rights, is $5,200,000. 



The aqueduct which supplies the city of Manchester (England) 

 with water is remarkable for its system of impounding reservoirs, 

 comprising seven, with dams varying from 70 to 100 feet in height. 

 The work was begun in 1848, and bad not been completed in 1874, 

 although it was far enough advanced to supply the city with water. 

 The city of Glasgow is supplied by the Loch Katrine Aqueduct, 35 

 miles long, which conveys the water of the famous lake of that name. 

 It consists of a conduit of masonry 8 feet deep, 8 wide, and 27 miles 

 long, and two lines of cast-iron pipes, between the city and the ser- 

 vice-reservoirs, 8 miles long. The conduit between Loch Katrhie and 

 the service-reservoirs is for the most part a timnel through solid rock. 

 It crosses some ravines on stone or iron arcades, and others by siphons. 

 It is capable of discharging 50,000,000 gallons per day. It was opened 

 by the queen with appropriate ceremonies in October, 1859. The work 

 was begun in 1855, and finished in 1860. The cost, exclusive of facili- 

 ties for distribution, was $3,340,000. 



In the autumn of 1873 was finished the aqueduct designed by Herr 

 Carl Junker, of Vienna, and constructed by Mr. Antonio Gabrielli, 

 of London, to convey the water of two springs (the Kaiserbrunn and 

 Stixenstein), situated at the foot of the Styrinn Alps, to Vienna, a 

 distance of 56^ miles. The conduit, which varies in size from 44^ x 2^ 

 feet to 6^ X 4 feet, and is faced with polished cement, to facilitate the 

 flow of the water, is always six feet below the surface of the earth or 

 embankment through which it is carried. The object aimed at is to 

 keep the water cold in summer and from freezing in winter. It has 

 several splendid arcades, chief among which are one at Baden, another 

 at Modling, and a third at Liesing. The former is 96 feet high, about 

 2,000 feet long, and comprises 43 arches. The aqueduct delivers about 

 20,000,000 gallons a day. It was begun in 1869, and its cost was 

 $10,000,000. 



But, in regard to water-supply, the Roquefavour Aqueduct, referred 

 to previously, is by long odds the most remarkable. The conduit is 

 7 feet deep, 30 wide at the top, and 10 at the bottom. It discharges 

 11 tons of water per second, or about 285,000,000 gallons per day. 

 The water is used for the city of Marseilles, and to irrigate 25,000 

 acres around it. 



In our own country there are several noted aqueducts as the 

 Cochituate at Boston, the Washington Aqueduct, and Croton at New 

 York. The method employed by the cities of Chicago and Milwau- 

 kee to obtain their water-supply is unique. The Avater of Lake Michi- 

 gan is brought into the city by a tunnel from a sufficient distance off" 



