500 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



If the origin of species by derivation is es- 

 tablished, it goes a great deal furt.her and 

 gives us the origin of many more things. It 

 must be taken as an indication of the plan 

 of Nature, of which man is a part, so that 

 the career of humanity is at once brought 

 under the law of development. If there 

 be truth in evolution, we are bound to go 

 by it ; and if man's religious nature has had 

 an unfolding, like the other elements of his 

 being, that fact must certainly be of the 

 greatest moment in determining the rela- 

 tions of religion and science. As to har- 

 mony or conflict, the question at once 

 arises at what stage it is taken, and what 

 are the traits of that change in which 

 man's religious progress consists. Dr. 

 Winehell, as we have said, afiBrms the uni- 

 versality of the religious element in man, 

 and deduces its validity from its universal- 

 ity, but he ought to have eliminated from 

 it the transitory, or what can be outgrown, 

 and told us what there is about it that is 

 essential and permanent, and to be finally 

 harmonized with science. He enumerates 

 the following as the grand fiicts common to 

 the religious faiths of the world : 1. A Su- 

 preme Being, the author of all things in ex- 

 istence ; 2. A revelation of the Supreme 

 Being either in sensible things or in the 

 intelligence of inspired men ; 3. A system 

 of worship which is either instinctive 

 and aimless, or intended to propitiate the 

 Deity and win happiness for the worshiper ; 

 4. Prayer, the universal cry of humanity in 

 distress ; 5. Future existence ; 6. Moral 

 responsibility ; 1. A system of future re- 

 wards and punishments ; 8. A priesthood 

 charged with the direction of religious 

 ceremonies, and clothed with a special in- 

 vestiture of divine authority and power. 

 He says : " These facts I find to be the con- 

 stants in the varying faiths of mankind. 

 I will add that two other facts reveal them- 

 selves in most, of the religious systems of 

 the world both the greater and the less. 

 These are : 1. A belief in the efficacy of 

 vicarious expiation ; 2. An expectation of 

 a Redeemer." 



These are, no doubt very widely-spread 

 beliefs, but they have had very different 

 meanings among different races, and at 

 different times. In this field, preeminent- 

 ly, we are familiar with the decay of the 



vital core of beliefs, and the conversation of 

 their formulas, but what we want most to 

 know is, the laws of change, transformation, 

 and expansion of religious ideas, in relation 

 to man's intellectual development what 

 falls away and what survives. Dr. Winchell 

 recognizes the progress, and gives us the 

 final result, in a form so generalized, that we 

 can only find the constants just named by 

 some stretch of implication. He says : " The 

 next psychic cycle, it seems to me, will wit- 

 ness a synthesis of thought and faith a 

 recognition of the fact that it is impossible 

 for reason to find solid ground that is not 

 consecrated ground ; that all philosophy and 

 all science belong to religion ; that all truth 

 is a revelation of God ; that the truths 

 of written revelation, if not intelligible 

 to reason, are nevertheless consonant with 

 reason ; and that divine agency, instead of 

 standing removed from man by infinite in- 

 tervals of time and space, is, indeed, the 

 true name of those energies which work 

 their myriad phenomena in the natural 

 world around us. This consummation at 

 once the inspiration of a fervent religion 

 and the prophecy of the loftiest science is 

 to be the noontide reign of wedded intellect 

 and faith, whose morning rays already 

 stream far above our horizon." 



TcRKEY. By James Baker, M. A. New 

 York : Henry Holt & Co. Pp. 496. Price, 



$4. 



The problem of the Turkish Empire, the 

 great anomaly in European civilization, has 

 long occupied the attention of those inter- 

 ested in international politics an interest 

 greatly heightened, of late, by the Russian 

 invasion of Turkey, and the threatened com- 

 plication of other states in the struggle. 

 To those whose solicitude about the Orien- 

 tal question leads them to inquire into the 

 condition of the people most deeply con- 

 cerned the present volume will be eminently 

 welcome. We lately called attention to Mr. 

 Wallace's admirable book on " Russia." 

 Colonel Baker's volume gives us a corre- 

 sponding picture of Turkish life and char- 

 acter, the political institutions, religious 

 peculiarities, and material resources of the 

 empire. The book is full of very interesting 

 information upon this class of subjects, 

 much of which is fresh, and calculated to 



