1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 307 



5.60 seconds. These give a general average of 4.38 seconds, while 

 the same average for unmutilated sister females is 2.12 seconds. 

 Confined in a Fielde nest, these mutilated ants lived from 4 to 22 hours, 

 with only 19 hours as an average. Since these ants were abnormal, 

 it is reasonable to attribute the difference of 2.26 seconds in reaction 

 time to the inactiveness of the insects, and it is certain that the 

 inactiveness was brought about by the operation. 



2. Funiculi of ants covered with glue. 



Thirty winged virgin females of Forrnica from the large glass cage 

 were fastened to a pine board with pins. One pair of pins was 

 placed x-wise over the petiole and another pair was stuck into the 

 board in the same manner, between the head and the thorax. With 

 a small pencil brush the entire surfaces of both funiculi were covered 

 with a thin coat of liquid glue. After an interval of 15 minutes the 

 glue had become perfectly dry, the ant was unpinned and was put 

 into an experimental case. When unpinned from the board the 

 ants ran rapidly, but for a few moments thereafter when placed 

 into the cases they moved about more or less "crazily" and then 

 became so quiet that it was not necessary to wait on them to come to 

 rest. Five failed to respond to odors and when touched lightly 

 with a pencil they scarcely moved, but when touched harder they 

 jumped up quickly and ran about "crazily. " These five were 

 discarded from the experiments with odors. All the ants with 

 glued antennae were quite abnormal, because they did not move when 

 mechanically irritated unless really compelled to move. When 

 tested with the three essential oils some responded promptly while 

 others hesitated to respond. As a whole their responses were about 

 as pronounced as, and were similar to, those of unmutilated sister 

 females. Often instead of responding in the usual manner they 

 moved or vibrated one or more legs. Their reaction times are: 

 oil of peppermint, 2-15 seconds, average 6.08 seconds; oil of thyme, 

 3-15 seconds, average 6.40 seconds; oil of wintergreen, 2-10 seconds, 

 average 4.88 seconds. These give a general average of 5.78 seconds. 

 Since the behavior of these mutilated ants was abnormal and since 

 they lived from 1 to 12 days, with only an average of 6 days, the 

 injury caused by the glue must certainly have brought about the 

 slow reaction time. 



3. Flagella of hornets cut off. 



The flagella of 25 Vespula maculata were cut off with a pair of sharp 

 scissors. A small drop of blood exuded from each wound. When 

 21 



