1914,] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 317 



with the various odors in the same manner as described on pages 

 297 to 305. 



1. Dedlated females of Formica. 



May 31, four dealated females and several workers were removed 

 from a small colony of Formica. They were placed into a Fielde 

 nest. Later the four females were put singly into experimental 

 cases and were tested with the six odors. Their reaction times are: 

 oil of peppermint 2-3 seconds, average 2.50 seconds; oil of thyme 

 2-3 seconds, average 2.25 seconds; oil of wintergreen 2-3 seconds, 

 average 2.75 seconds; honey and comb 2-5 seconds, average 3.25 

 seconds; leaves and stems of pennyroyal 2-4 seconds, average 3.00 

 seconds; formic acid 3-4 seconds, average 3.50 seconds. These 

 give a general average of 2.89 seconds, while the same average for 

 winged females of the same species is 2.45 seconds. The wing 

 niches of the four dealated females were examined. In seven of the 

 eight niches, pores were seen. One of these females lived 38 days. 

 The other three and all the workers died November 25th. They had 

 been neglected and had not been given water for more than a week. 



2. Wings of females of Formica pulled off. 



All 4 wings of each of 25 virgin females of Formica were pulled off. 

 This is accomplished by pinning the ant to the board as described 

 on page 307. Seize awing with the thumb and index-finger and pull 

 gently with the wing standing at right angles to the thorax. A half- 

 hour after the wings had been pulled off, these wingless females were 

 tested with the six odors. In behavior they appeared normal in 

 every respect except they responded to odors slightly more- slowly. 

 Confined in a Fielde nest alone, they lived from 4 to 16 days with 

 10 days as an average, whereas their winged sisters lived 14 days 

 and 10 hours as an average. Their reaction times are: oil of pepper- 

 mint 2-4 seconds, average 2.20 seconds; oil of thyme 2-3 seconds, 

 average 2.44 seconds; oil of wintergreen 2-4 seconds, average 2.32 

 seconds; honey and comb 3-6 seconds, average 3.84 seconds; leaves 

 and stems of pennyroyal 2-5 seconds, average 3.16 seconds; formic 

 acid 2-5 seconds, average 3.16 seconds. These give a general average 

 of 2.85 seconds, while the same average for sister females with wings 

 is 2.45. All the wings of these 25 females were examined micro- 

 scopically after they had been pulled off. Of the front wings 14 

 carried pores and 36 were devoid of pores. Of the hind wings 24 

 carried pores and 26 were devoid of pores. Thus when tested with 



