1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 335 



Blow-flies with the antennae cut off fail to find putrid meat as 

 before. 



Lefebvre (1838) experimented with bees and wasps with mutilated 

 antennae. He thinks that the olfactory organs are located at the 

 extremities of the antennae. 



Perris (1850) says: (1) In amputating the extremity of the 

 antennae the olfactory sense is not destroyed, but it is weakened, and 

 by cutting them off at the base the sense of smell is totally or par- 

 tially destroyed; (2) covering the antennae with a layer of India 

 rubber renders these organs insensible; (3) sometimes a little sensi- 

 bility is shown when the palpi are amputated. 



Cornalia (1856) experimented with mutilated male moths. He 

 thinks that the seat of olfaction lies in both the antennae and palpi. 



Garnier (1860) denies that the antennae of Necrophagus are the 

 seat of the olfactory organs, because these beetles returned imme- 

 diately to the body of a mole from which they had been removed. 



Balbiani (1866) says that male butterflies with the antennae cut 

 off fail to respond, as do unmutilated males, to females in any manner. 



Grimm (1869) after many experiments concludes that the antennae 

 of beetles do not function as olfactory organs. 



Forel (1874, 1885) says that ants when deprived of their antennae 

 cannot guide themselves and are not able to distinguish companions 

 from enemies or to discover food placed at their sides. When 

 deprived of the anterior part of the head and of the entire abdomen 

 they preserve all their faculties. The same author (1878) found that 

 a wasp with the anterior part of the head cut off responded to a needle 

 dipped in honey, while a wasp with both antennae cut off failed to 

 respond. Forel (1908) says that carrion-feeding beetles with the 

 antennae cut off cannot find putrid meat as before the antennae are 

 mutilated. 



Hauser (1880) studied the behavior of various insects before and 

 after the removal of the antennae. When the antennae were cut off, 

 many individuals soon became sick and died, although some of them 

 lived thereafter for many days. In insects with their antennae 

 dipped into melted paraffin, the behavior was similar to that of those 

 with the antennae amputated. After performing many experiments 

 with Philonthus ceneus, he concludes that these insects lose the 

 olfactory sense by the removal of the antennae. Experiments with 

 species of several other genera gave the same results, but those with 

 beetles of the genera Carahus, Melolontha, and Silpha were less 

 satisfactory. These never completely failed to respond to strong- 

 smelling substances. Experiments with Hemiptera gave a still less 



