1914.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 



mimicry in north american butterflies: a reply, 

 by edward b. poulton, d.sc, m.a. oxon. 



Contents. 



PAGE 



Introduction 161 



1. The Attacks of Birds on Butterflies and the Theories of Mimicry 161 



2. Haase's Name ''Pharmacophagus" and his Hypothesis that Mimicked 



Butterflies (Models) derive Nauseous Quahties from the Larval 

 Food-plants 162 



3. Indirect Evidence that Pharmacophagus philenor is a Model possessing 



Distasteful Qualities 16.5 



4. The attempt to explain Mimetic Resemblance as due to Affinity 



between Model and Mimic 167 



5. Sexual Dimorphism (Antigeny of Scudder) and Mimicry 168 



6. The Female of Neophasia terlooti, another North American Mimic of 



Danaida plexippus 172 



7. The Colored Pigments of the Pierince as iUustrated by Neophasia 176 



S. The Restriction of Sex-limited Inheritance to the Mimetic Pattern of 



Neophasia terlooti .' 177 



9. The Evolution of Limenitis {Basilarchia) archippus from an Ancestor 



with a Pattern like that of L. (B.) arthemis... 178 



10. The Relation of the Pattern of Limenitis obsoleta (hulsti) to that of 



archippus, arthemis and weidemeyeri 180 



11. The Male Genital Armature of the North American forms of Limenitis 190 



12. Similar Environmental Conditions versus Mimicry as an Interpreta- 



tion of Color Resemblances 192 



Certain criticisms of the theories of mimicrj- and warning colors 

 have recently appeared in the publications of The Academy of 

 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and it is, I think, a convenience 

 that the controversy should be continued in the same channel. 

 The occasion also enables me to contribute in, I hope, an appropriate 

 way to the publications of the great and learned society with which I 

 have the honor and pleasure of being specially associated. 



In the present paper I propose to deal with the friendly criticisms 

 contained in Dr. Henry Skinner's paper (32). It will be most 

 convenient, I think, to consider the author's arguments under 

 separate heads, which I have arranged as far as possible in the same 

 order as that adopted in his memoir. 



1. The Attacks of Birds on Butterflies and the Theories of 



Mimicry. 



The believers in these theories, both Batesian and Miillerian, will 

 cordially agree with Dr. Skinner as to the paramount importance 

 11 



