MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. 63 



the German Ocean. In Yorkshire the ice from the west was held 

 back by the Pennine Chain, and did not coalesce with the German 

 Ocean glacier, but stopped short, somewhere about an irregular line 

 drawn from Keighley, northeastward to near the mouth of the Tees. 

 The German Ocean glacier only, as it were, grazed the high land bor- 

 dering the coast until it reached the northern shores of Norfolk that 

 stood out across its track. A large portion of Yorkshire was thus 

 never glaciated by land-ice, and in this area remains of the great ex- 

 tinct mammals have been found in and below the lowland gravels, as 

 at Leeds and Market Weighton ; but when we pass northwestward 

 into the country where the stria? on the rock-surfaces bear witness to 

 the passage of land-ice, no such remains are found, excepting in cav- 

 erns and fissures of the old rocks. 



The northwestern side of England is much more glaciated than 

 the northeastern, and the mammalian remains have only been found 

 where preserved in caves. The ice filling the Irish Sea reached to a 

 height of 2,000 feet on the western flank of the Pennine Chain. 

 Probably reenforced from the westward it continued, in scarcely de- 

 creasing thickness, across the whole of Lancashire and Cheshire, and 

 passed over into the drainage area of the Severn, down which valley 

 it appears to have flowed for some distance. As soon as we get 

 beyond its influence we again meet with mammalian remains in the 

 lowland gravels, and in most of the southern valleys they are abun- 

 dant. 



If the mammoth and its associates roamed as far as the north of 

 England, and even into Scotland, after the Glacial period, their re- 

 mains ought to be found in the valley-gravels of the glaciated dis- 

 tricts. They are, however, absent ; and if Ave should be led to infer 

 from this that they lived before the glaciation of the country, and 

 accept the conclusion of Prof. Phillips and Mr. Godwin Austen that 

 the mammoth and the w r oolly rhinoceros lived before and not after 

 the Glacial period in Great Britain, we can scarcely refrain from going 

 further than these geologists and concluding that the makers of the 

 palaeolithic implements were also preglacial. For no geological in- 

 ference seems based upon sounder evidence than that palaeolithic man 

 was contemporaneous with the mammoth and its associates. The im- 

 plements of the one and the bones of the others are found together in 

 the same stratum of the cave-earth, and in all the numerous caverns 

 that have been searched in England and Wales there is no record of 

 palaeolithic implements being found at a higher horizon ; when flint 

 weapons do so occur they are invariably of the neolithic type. If 

 geological evidence of contemporaneity is of any value, the occupation 

 of the caves by palaeolithic man ceased at the same time as the great 

 mammals disappeared. 



Let us look at the question from another point of view. In the 

 south of England the remains of the mammoth are abundant in the 



