POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



253 



and anterior margins of the costal cartilages 

 the highest point of the body, the shoul- 

 ders and occiput barely resting on the 

 ground. Seize the patient's wrists, and, 

 having secured the utmost possible exten- 

 sion of them behind his head, hold them fast 

 to the ground with your left hand. With a 

 dry pocket-handkerchief between the right 

 thumb and forefinger withdraw the tongue, 

 holding it at the extreme right corner of the 

 mouth. If a boy be at hand, both wrists 

 and tongue may be confided to his care. 

 In this position two-thirds of the entrance 

 to the mouth is free and the tongue is im- 

 movably fixed forward ; the epiglottis is pre- 

 cluded from pressure and partial closure; 

 the head is dependent ; the free margins of 

 the costal cartilages are prominent, and 

 there is a high degree of fixed thoracic ex- 

 pansion. The epigastrium being highest, 

 the movements of the diaphragm are not 

 embarrassed by the abdominal viscera. 



"To produce respiration, you kneel 

 astride the patient's hips, rest the ball of 

 each thumb on the corresponding costoxy- 

 phoid ligaments, the fingers falling into the 

 lower intercostal spaces; now, resting your 

 elbows against your sides, and using your 

 knees as a pivot, throw the whole weight of 

 your body slowly and steadily forward until 

 your mouth nearly touches that of the pa- 

 tient, and while you slowly count three ; 

 then suddenly spring back to your first po- 

 sition on your knees, remain there while you 

 might slowly count two ; then repeat, and 

 so on about eight or ten times a minute." 

 The acting patient at the very first steps of 

 the process gasped involuntarily, and as it 

 was continued he came more and more un- 

 der the control of the operator. After the 

 operation had ceased, there were visible 

 successive waves of involuntary respiration 

 which the "patient" could not control. 



Frank Bnekland on the Berlin Gorilla. 



Mr. Frank Bucklaud has made a visit to 

 " Pongo," the young gorilla at the West- 

 minster Aquarium, and observed with much 

 pleasure the many great differences between 

 monkey and man. First he notes the hands 

 of the gorilla : the thumb, he observes, is 

 exceedingly short, and " cannot be used 

 with anything like the facility as in the hu- 

 man subject." Then, in the gorilla, the 



spaces from the knuckles to the first joint 

 of the finger are united by a membrane, 

 and become practically a continuation of 

 the palm. The gorilla, too, uses its hand 

 much more as a foot than as a hand. " The 

 thumb of the foot," he adds, "has great 

 powers of prehension ; indeed, it may be 

 said that the thumb proper is carried on the 

 foot. The gorilla has no calf to the leg, 

 and no biceps in the forearm : he cannot 

 stand upright without supporting himself by 

 means of some object. The back of the 

 gorilla is almost square, something after the 

 form of the flat saddle used in equestrian 

 feats in circuses. The cause of this is, that 

 the ribs come close down on the top of the 

 hip-bone." So far as Mr. Buckland has 

 been able to learn, the gorilla does not use 

 a stick for the purpose of striking, neither 

 does he ever strike with his hands. Two 

 children, a boy and a girl, were permitted 

 to play with Pongo, and as Mr. Buckland 

 looked on he " could not help seeing what 

 a vast line the Creator had drawn between 

 them." Our author concludes by saying that 

 Pongo's structure and manners confirm the 

 idea that Darwin is wrong, and that human 

 beings are not monkeys. This doctrine of 

 the identity of man and monkey gives Mr. 

 Buckland a great deal of trouble, and from 

 the vehemence with which he combats it 

 one is led to suppose that it must be preva- 

 lent in England. It is a little strange, how- 

 ever, that the adepts of this vile heresy 

 have contrived to mask their teachings, for 

 we have not seen this doctrine upheld in 

 any of the publications of the day. Mr. 

 Buckland asks: "Why not rest satisfied 

 with the origin of our race thus revealed to 

 us by the great Creator himself? ' So God 

 created man in his own image, and in the 

 image of God created he him ; male and 

 female created he them.' " 



Topographical Surveys and Health. 



Mr. James T. Gardner delivered, at the Bos- 

 ton meeting of the Public Health Associa- 

 tion, an address on the " Relation between 

 Topographical Surveys and the Study of 

 Public Health," which abounds in sugges- 

 tions of the highest practical importance. 

 As an illustration of the author's mode of 

 enforcing his arguments, we may take his 

 remarks on " natural drainage." " This," we 



