OPIUM AND ITS ANTIDOTE. 555 



not unfrequently, in fulfillment of their supposed commands. And the 

 inference is verified on seeing similarly used other kinds of spoils. 

 The Philistines, besides otherwise displaying relics of the dead Saul, 

 put "his armor in the house of Ashtaroth." By the Greeks the 

 trophy, formed of arms, shields, and helmets, taken from the defeated, 

 was consecrated to some divinity ; and the Romans deposited the 

 spoils brought back from battle in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 

 Similarly of the Feejeeans, who are solicitous in every way to propi- 

 tiate their bloodthirsty deities, we read that, " when flags are taken 

 they are always hung up as trophies in the mbure" or temple. That 

 hundreds of gilt spurs of French knights vanquished by the Flemish 

 in the battle of Courtrai were deposited in the church of that place, 

 and that in France flags taken from enemies were suspended from the 

 vaults of churches (a practice not unknown in Protestant England), 

 are facts that might be joined with these, did not so joining them im- 

 ply the impossible supposition that Christians think to please " the 

 God of love " by acts like those used to please the diabolical gods of 

 cannibals. 



Because of inferences to be hereafter drawn, one remaining gen- 

 eral truth must be named, though it is so obvious as to seem scarcely 

 worth mention. Trophy-taking is directly related to militancy. It 

 begins during a primitive life that is wholly occupied in hostilities 

 with men and animals; it develops with' the growth of conquering 

 societies in which perpetual wars generate the militant type of struct- 

 ure ; it diminishes as growing industrialism more and more substi- 

 tutes productive activities for destructive activities ; and it is a truism 

 to say that complete industrialism necessitates entire cessation of it. 



The chief significance of trophy-taking, however, has yet to be 

 pointed out. The reason for dealing with it under the general head 

 of Ceremonial Government, though in itself scarcely to be classed as 

 a ceremony, is that it furnishes us with the key to a large class of 

 ceremonies which have prevailed all over the world among the unciv- 

 ilized and semi-civilized. From the practice of cutting off and taking 

 away portions of the dead body, there grows up the practice of cut- 

 ting off portions of the living body. 



-- 



OPIUM AND ITS ANTIDOTE. 1 



By CHAELES EICHET. 



OPIUM is the juice of the poppy, and, as there are many varieties 

 of the poppy, so too are there many kinds of opium ; the mode 

 of collecting the juice is, however, always the same. In Egypt, 

 Syria, and India, the three countries which produce opium, a number 

 1 From the Revue des Deux Mondes ; translated and condensed by J. Fitzgerald, A. M. 



